Term
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Definition
| PTSD trauma leads to SUDs, most likely cocaine or opioids |
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Term
| PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) |
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Definition
a near death experience that produces numbing, avoidance, intrusive thoughts, etc
-lasts for more than one month and disrupts ability to function
-can be acute(immediate), chronic or delayed |
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Term
| Define Trauma and Responses to it |
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Definition
experiencing/witnessing/being threatened by an event(s) that involves actual/threatened injury, or death
-responses:intense fear, helplessness, horror, SUDs, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, psychosis, etc |
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Term
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Definition
establish sense of physical and psychological safety (avoid iatrogenic behaviors)
reconnect with life
women often blown off, not given a say in own treatment, therapy should meet her on her level |
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Term
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Definition
Focuses: Human condition (aloneness)
-angst (general anxiety/stress about where you're going in life
-2 big ?s: HOW to live life if you are in charge of finding meaning and HOW do you make sense of everything
-ultimately you are alone (born, live, die alone) because you can never really KNOW what someone else is thinking/feeling, only what they can tell you (can only get so close) |
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Term
| How do people deal with making sense of life? |
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Definition
Religion-life ins NOT purposeless
give in and only live to please self
become depressed
use drugs/alcohol
busy self with life and dont think about it
obsess with health/nutrition
may BLINDLY accept religion (only good if choosing for self) |
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Term
| aloneness and how to overcome it |
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Definition
cant really know how others/feel think on the inside.
overcome by finding something in life to apply meaning to (deliberately)
goal of Existential Therapy is to help people find meaning
ex. charity, art, raising a family, giving back, ect |
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Term
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Definition
HOW we exist
what constitutes meaningful existence?
all will realize one day that we all deal, goal is to discover free will (no to conform) |
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Term
| Names in Existential Therapy: |
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Definition
FRANKL: holocaust victim/survivor, most of family died
kept on optimistic view of life
-said you can discover the meaning of life in three ways:(1)creating a work/doing a deed(2)experiencing something/someone (3)by the attitude we take toward unavoidable things
YALOM: (american psyc)4 Realities of Existential Problems: (1)death(2)freedom + responsibility (3)aloneness/isolation (4)meaninglessness
BISWANGER: 1st to USE Existential insight on pxs; relationships provide us with meaning (normal, but also need our own vailidation) |
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Term
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Definition
many people conform without realizing they can choose different paths
takes courage to choose for self and make sense (meaning) of life
we are truely free when we accept mortality and overcome aloneness |
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Term
| 4 Dimensions of Human Existence |
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Definition
| Physical:bodies/surroundings, (weather, health, etc)struggle: dominate the elements, angst leads to excessive concerns of health; authenticity Social: response to culture, attitudes; belong/isolated? Spiritual: find meaning in experience, some avoid by seeking 'refuge' in religion( soul lives forever, never really die) Psychological: relate self + future, search for identity and be 'real' -ppl find distractions to these struggles, don't make choices (feel less authentic); tho sometimes better to not choose than choose blindly |
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Term
| Existential Therapist rolls |
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Definition
a perspective rather than a therapy,
roles: be fully present, grasp px full struggle, attempts to the pxs subjective world, focus on existential issues
appropriate pxs: terminally ill, experienced death, loss job, divorce, crime victims, ect (not Psychotic, or SUDs etc) |
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Term
| Phases of Existential Therapy |
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Definition
Intake: is px appropriate?(not if low IQ, sud, psychotic etc)
(1)HOW does px see world? What are there assumptions; Justice?
(2)Has px dealt with mortality? authentic? Address TIME
(3) help px see from PAST, possibilities rejected bc of anxiety?
(4)NEW meaningful activities
(5)how will px continue to be authentic |
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Term
| Limitations and Strengths of Existential Therapy |
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Definition
Limits: little research (difficult), not objective, concepts are vague and hard to evaluate
Strengths: works well with medical pxs and w/ groups/couples |
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Term
Define:
Learning, Behaviorism, Conditioning |
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Definition
L:a relatively permanent change in behavior due to EXPERIENCE
B: emphasizes the STUDY of observable behavior and the role the environment plays
C: association between environmental stimuli and responses to the organism's responses |
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Term
| Classical and Operant Conditioning (instrumental learning) |
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Definition
Classic: primitive, reflexive, responses are LEARNED (elicited), environment operates on the organism and elicits a response
Operant: voluntary behaviors are learned, 'emitted'(organism operates on the environment) |
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Term
| (Un)Conditioned Stimuli and (Un)Conditioned Response |
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Definition
Unconditioned = unlearned, body has already built in response to stimuli
US: stimulus that elicits an UR
UR:response that is automatically produced
CS: an initially neutral stimulus comes to elicit a CR after being paired with an US.
CR: elicited by CS; occurs only after the CS is associated with the US and is usually similar to the UR |
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Term
| Higher-Order conditioning and Stimulus Generalization |
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Definition
| HOC: a form of learning where a previously neutral stimulus (which now has reinforcing qualities) can reinforce a 2nd previously neutral stimulus(money reinforces checks, etc) SG: stimuli similar to the CS elicits similar responses (child respects cop, so also respects fireman ect -all uniform) |
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Term
| Habituation, Resistance to Extinction and Learning to Fear |
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Definition
H: repeated exposure results to no response, get used to it
Resist Ext: the longer the resistance to extinction, the more powerfully learned
Learn to Fear: learn thru association (scare child, show something that could be scary, child learns to fear that something) |
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Term
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Definition
the process of pairing a CS with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible w and unwanted CR
ex-fear of rabbits removed by pairing rabbit with icecream; fear + Yumminess = not compatible |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning and Thorndike's Law of Effect |
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Definition
OC:process by which a response becomes more/less likely depending on its consequenses
Thorndike's Law: behavior that is followed by a satisfying state of affairs is likely to be repeated
-behavior exists because of environmental consequences |
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Term
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Definition
Strengthens the response (increased behavior)
Primary reinforcer:inherently reinforcing and often satisfies a bio need
Secondary reinforcer: stimuli tha acquired reinforcing properties thru associations
Positive Reinforcement: Consequence that follows a response makes it more likely
Negative Reinforcement: response followed by the avoidance/removal of a stimulus that makes the response more likely (put on seat belt to avoid beeping noise) |
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Term
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Definition
Weakens a response or makes it less likely
Primary Punisher: electric shock, ect
Secondary Punisher: stimulus that has acquired punishing properties thru associations
-consequences cause a behavior to DECREASE
Positive Punishment: something unpleasant occurs after behavior
Negative Punishment: something pleasant is removed after behavior |
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Term
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Definition
often administered inappropriately, only at convenience, inconsistently
recipient responds w anxiety, fear, rage
hard to administer most of the time
behavior may be copied
teaches them to get better at being sneaky |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
(1)Continuous: a particular response is ALWAYS reinforced -good for establishing new behavior
(2)Intermittent (partial): response is sometimes, but not always reinforced ; Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, varied-interval (variable-ration maintains the best!) |
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Term
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Definition
| some behaviors may need to be taught in steps or phases, i.e. more difficult to master so break down into parts |
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Term
| Use Operant Conditioning to... |
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Definition
-teach new responses, shape behavior
-eliminate/reduce maladaptive beh (rewards/punishments)
-begin w 'functional behavioral assessment' (analysis of how the environment maintains behavior) |
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Term
| Extrinsic and Intrinsic Reinforcers |
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Definition
Ex: reinforcers not inherently related to the activity being performed
In: reinforces are inherently related to the activity (feeling stronger and looking better after working out) |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior is learned and maintained be observation and imitation of others
by positive consequences
con learn by consequences of others |
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Term
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Definition
Acquire via Classical Conditioning
negative reinforcement maintains the fear(they AVOID whatever it is)
some people can be classically conditioned to develop phobias more easily than others |
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Term
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Definition
-uses the principles of: extinction, prevention of escape/avoidance, systematic desensitization (become less sensitive to stimuli)
-uses the Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) scale to GRADUALLY expose px to fear
-fear is extinguished when nothing bad happens during exposure |
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Term
| EMDR Therapy and Flooding |
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Definition
EMDR: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; developed to deal with PTSD and emotional problems
-move eyes from left to right while talking about issue, distracts px and encourages talk
Flooding: massive exposure to fear stimulus, not typically a good idea |
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Term
| Punishment Aversion Therapy and Covert Sensitization |
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Definition
Punishment Aversion T: force someone to smoke till their sick,, etc
Covert sens: IMAGINED punishment, probably useful in real life |
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Term
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Definition
Bandura's Bobo Dolls exp
-learn thru observation |
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Term
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Definition
Self Efficacy: individuals belief in their ability to manage behaviors and situations
Low SE: associated with negative self esteem, neg self evaluation, focus on failures over successes, prematurely quit, SUDs, anxiety/depression |
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Term
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Definition
CBT pioneer
Focus: Self Talk (talking self through porblems)
-neg self talk programs for failure
-trained pxs how to talk positively and realistically to self |
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Term
| CBT Focuses on ___________ |
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Definition
Thinking Errors: catastrophic, consistently negative, unscientific, pollyanish
-Identify automatci though (heart of CBT) |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)core beliefs - fundamental assumptions about self, root of all behavior (2) assumptions (3) strategies (4) automatic thoughts/feelings -Thoughts lead to Feelings lead to Behaviors |
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Term
| Structure of a typical CBT session |
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Definition
-mood check
-set agenda
-bridge from last session
-work on days agenda, usually w SOCRATIC DIALOG (questions that help px reach their own conclusions)
-HW assignment (thought record or experiment; well if you do this, will this REALLY happen?)
-summary and feedback from px |
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Term
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Definition
-negative self esteem ('I'm no good')
-negative view of the world ('the world sucks')
-pessimistic view of the future ('its never getting better')
-leads to depresseion |
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Term
| Cognitive/Thinking Errors: |
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Definition
| (1)magnify negative and minimize positive (2) over generalize (3) making negative global attributions about self (i suck at this so i suck at that, ect) (4) polarization- either black or white (5) Personalization (taking to personally)(6) catastrophizing (7)emotional reasoning (how you feel defines situation) (8) fortune telling, anticipate bad events (9) labeling (one behavior defines a person) (10) mental filter (11) mind reading (12) "should" statements |
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Term
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Definition
-Rational Emotive Therapy
-3 types of irrational beliefs : (1) i must be competent and achieving and win the approval of 'important' people and i'm rotten when i dont (2) others must treat me fairly and they are rotten when they dont (3) i need and must have the things I want, I can't deal with frustration and the world is rotten when I dont get my way |
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Term
| CBT is __________ than Psychoanalysis and is _____________ |
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Definition
SHORTER; more focused on specific issues
GOAL ORIENTED
-works well with children, (modeling very effective)
-works with couples/families (does NOT work if one member has SUD, psychotic ect) |
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Term
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Definition
(1)Initial:build relationship, educate px about relationship bt thoughts and feelings and define problem, initial relief with problem solving (Therapist is Active here) (2)
Middle: get px to identify and challenge automatic thoughts, examine underlying schemas, px learns to assume responsibility for identifying problems and solutions (HW) (3)Later: px able to use Cognitive Therapy to solve own problems, learns to deal with set backs, inocculation/relapse prevention at this stage (occasional booster session) |
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Term
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Definition
-Tracks pxs automatic thoughts, identifies patterns in behavior, helps px become aware of how these automatically affect them
-Explores: situation, mood, evidence supporting the 'hot thought', evidence contradicting the 'hot thought', alternative or balanced thought, possible mood or behaviors |
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Term
| Mauchausen Syndrome (by Proxy) |
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Definition
-faking illness; intentionally making self sick or making up symptoms of illness
-by proxy; making someone else sick, usually a mother and child |
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Term
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Definition
-24% ppl dont even fill perscriptions
-fail to start therapy
-delay starting therapy
-intentional/unintentional skipping/changing of doses
-prematurely stopping meds |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Gain: alleviation of anxiety (get to miss work/school)
Secondary Gain:(external) sympathy from others
Tertiary Gain: px thinks it's pleasing for caretaker to tend to their illness |
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Term
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Definition
Serotonin (5HT)- involved w pain, sleep, aggression, eating, sex, migraines, anxiety + vomitting
Norepinephrine (NE)
Dopamine (DA) rewards system, excess DA = psychosis, low DA = low pleasure (in frontal lobe)
Glutamate
Thyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-chronic stress can reduce # of dendrites and synapses, and can kill neurons
-ADs encourage axon, dendrite and synaptic growth
-ADs can influence NTs within hours but therapeutic effects take weeks |
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Term
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Definition
side effect if Anti-Pyschotics
-caused by too little dopamine (facial ticks)
-incurable
-more common among first generation meds |
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Term
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Definition
-older/cheaper AD
-effective for resistent depression
-can treat OCD< AHDH< enuresis, PAIN (today)
-Narrow therapeutic index (can be over/under-dosed easily) |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) |
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Definition
-older and rarely used
-have to avoid foods that have tyramine, elevates BP
-enzyme breaks down NE, works well but has problems |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Definition
-Blocks 5HT reuptake transporter
-may encourage serotonergic neurons to make more 5HT (makes 5HT more available)
-can cause Mania in Bipolar
-side effects: dry mouth, dizziness, sexual inhibition, weight gain |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin/ Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SSNRIs) |
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Definition
| -also blocks the reuptake of NE |
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Term
| The only FDA approved treatment for OCD is |
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Definition
| Anafril (TCA), increases 5HT |
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Term
| What works better, therapy or medication? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most abundant Neurotransmitter (NT) is: |
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Definition
GABA: inhibitor (mediates anxiety)
Glutamate: excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
| -stimulate GABA neurons, increase internal negative resiting state, making it less likely to fire and reduces anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
-block D2 receptors
ist generation: reduces positive symptoms
2nd generation: reduces negative symptoms (CLOZAROL)
3rd generation: fewer side effects
-all work equally well, on different symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
-1494 pxs with schizophrenia were randomly assigned an AP to determine how effective each was
-newest meds were no more effective than older ones
-84% dropped out before over bc of side effects
*most effective AP: CLOZAROL!!! |
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Term
| Anti-psychotic typical side effects |
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Definition
| sedation, weight gain, drowsiness, ect |
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Term
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Definition
-treated w Lithium(a salt)
-anti convulsants
-combine with ADs
-often need lifelong tx
-best when combined with therapy |
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Term
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Definition
-Treated with stimulants
-increases NE and DA thru reuptake blocking and leakage from synaptic vesicles
-non-stimulant ADHD meds: strattera and intuniv (Low BP)
-increase DA and NE in frontal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| -mentions father a lot, but he's not around, doesn't even know she attempted suicide -desire for him to be there, blames mother (for everything) -gymnast w eating issues, tests Paul often (pills and pizza) |
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