Term
| Progressive muscle relaxation |
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Definition
technique by systematically contracting (tensing) and relaxing sets of muscles
-attend to feeling of tension |
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Term
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Definition
| putting client in real-life anxiety provoking situation |
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Term
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Definition
| client asked to imagine feared images/situations |
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Term
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Definition
| associating unpleasant state w/ unwanted behav (smoking, antabuse) |
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Term
| Issues with aversive conditioning |
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Definition
-potential for poor tx adherence
-aversive conditioning isnt always generalizable |
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Term
| behavior is controlled by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus that strengthens/increases rate, frequency, intensity of bx that it follows |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing bx by presenting pos stim |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing bx by stopping negative stim |
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Term
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Definition
| consequence that decreases rate, freq, intensity of bx that it follows |
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Term
| disadvantages of punishment |
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Definition
-suppress undesirable bx (swearing)
-doesnt develop more desirable bx
-can make punished angry/fearful of punisher
-can lead to aggression
SO it doesn't teach people what to do, just what not to do. |
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Term
| reinforcement and punishment are most effective when |
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Definition
| immediate, consistent, and certain consequences |
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Term
behavior modification/contingency management
-2 examples |
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Definition
-reinforce desired behaviors
-withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors or to punish them
ex) voucher reinforcement
token economy: earn token for exibiting desired bx and later exchange |
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Term
| How do reinforcers affect motivation? |
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Definition
| ruins intrinsic motivation (if everyone on team wins trophy). It ruins the reward of self-satisfaction and can be prevented by continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
-extrinsic motivation: doing bx to receive rewards from others
-intrinsic: desire to perform bx well/frequently for own sake |
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Term
| Principles of maintaining bx |
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Definition
-use as few rewards as possible (one M&M, not bag)
-fade reward over time |
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Term
| Step by step bx management |
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Definition
1. ID problem bx, describe in detail
2. ID bx objective, increase or decrease bx
3. obtain baseline measurement of frequency of bx (duration/intensity of hand washing)
4. observe bx in natural environ and ID contingencies
5. modify consequences of bx
-ID when reinforcers are given, what's given, and who gives it
6. monitor results by charting frequency of bx |
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Term
| Behavioral Theory applications |
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Definition
-assertiveness training (interpersonal anxiety); reinforce sharing opinion
-stimulus control: avoiding stimuli that elicit problematic bx and inserting stimuli that cue alternative, adaptive bx (hangin w/ druggies at a rock show)
-applied bx analysis (for non-verbal autism)
-behavioral activation-->ex) depression arises when ones actions dont result in positive reinforcement; so, increase pleasant events |
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Term
| cognitive approaches developed by: |
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Definition
Aaron Beck
-1st manualized tx of depression
-lead author of BDI II and BAI |
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Term
| what is cognitive therapy? |
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Definition
| insight-focused therapy w/ emphasis on changing thoughts to adaptive, rational thoughts that will improve mood and eliminate maladaptive bx |
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Term
| process of cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| focus on specific automatic thoughts and their relationship to emotion and bx |
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Term
| underlying premises of cog approaches |
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Definition
thoughts and feelings are distinct phenomena
-thoughts create feelings (and bx)
...I think, thus I feel |
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Term
| Goal of cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| change way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach core schemata/schemas and begin to introduce the idea of cognitive restructuring |
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Term
| Therapeutic atmosphere of cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| collaborative empiricism: client and therapist work to determine evidence about distorted cognitions and ways to modify |
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Term
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Definition
-counselor: initially expert who teaches; later advisory role as client conducts therapy and becomes his/her own counselor
client: student and collaborator who becomes expert on how CT applies |
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Term
| order of thoughts and core beliefs |
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Definition
automatic thoughts
intermediate beliefs
core beliefs
schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| knee jerk reaction to distressing situations that run through persons mind |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme/absolute rules that are more general and shape auto thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
global and absolute; belief about ourselves; 2 generally unifying principles underlying most core beliefs: 1) autonomy: beliefs about being effective and productive vs helpless
2)sociotropy: beliefs about being lovable/unlovable |
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Term
schemas
What is therapy's aim? |
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Definition
cog frameworks in mind, organizing, and shaping thoughts, feelings, and bx
-developed in childhood
-may lie dormant until specific event
TO MODIFY SCHEMA not particular thought |
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Term
| example of hierarchy of thoughts |
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Definition
auto: if my friend doesnt return call, doesnt like me
intermediate: good friends return calls
core: im worthless
schema: no one cares, no point in friends |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cog distortion in which belief is based on little evidence "jumpin to conclusions" -->cheating bc doesnt answer phone |
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Term
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Definition
type of arbitrary inference thats esp common in relationships where external events are attributed to oneself
ex) no sex tonight= doesnt like me |
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Term
| selective abstraction (disqualifying/discounting positive) |
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Definition
| type of cog distortion in which focusing on 1 detail while ignoring context and other obvious details |
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Term
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Definition
cog distortion of generalizing 1 or 2 incidents to make broad sweeping judgments
ex) heavy metal = drugs |
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Term
| magnification and minimization |
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Definition
cog distortion that is going to either extreme of overemphasizing (negative) or underemphasizing (positive) based on facts
ex) kid gets bad grade--> parents either deny problems for a month OR hire a tutor on the 1st day |
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Term
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Definition
| cog distortion of always never, success/failure. Borderline patients |
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Term
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Definition
| cog distortion that is assigning a personality trait to someone based on handful of incidents, ignoring exceptions |
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Term
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Definition
cog distortion that is believing you know what other is thinking or will do w/ out supporting evidence
Ex) before spouse speaks, go into defensive mode and assume they're going to be offensive |
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Term
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Definition
| cog distortion of assuming worst will happen |
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Term
| types of cognitive distortions |
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Definition
arbitrary inference
selective abstraction
overgeneralization
magnification and minimization
dichotomous thinking
mislabeling
catastrophizing |
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Term
| stages of therapeutic intervention |
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Definition
1. make clients aware of their thinking errors (via socratic method..distancing)
2. have clients test their thinking errors empirically and logically: whats evidence, what's another way of looking at it?
3. Have clients substitute rational response for irrational thoughts/thinking errors
4. Get feedback to determine if new cognitions are accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| teaching client to deal w/ upsetting thoughts objectively, re-evaluating them instead of automatically accepting them |
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Term
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Definition
changes client cognition structures - modification/elimination of schemas, core beliefs, auto thoughts
--reframing! like the orange vs blue frame-- |
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Term
| socratic method and guided discovery |
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Definition
use of open-minded ?'s to encourage clients to ? their beliefs w/ expectation that clients will discover for themselves that their beliefs are: illogical and/or dysfunctional
-guided discovery: pt discovers answers guided by therapist |
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Term
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Definition
be aware of practical use
ex) use apps and stuff to record events and keep a schedule |
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Term
1. dysfunctional schemas
2. content specificity hypothesis |
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Definition
CSH: certain pathologies are associated w/ certain thinking errors and subsequent bx's
-some dysfunction schemas are associated with personality d/o's |
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Term
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Definition
| negative thoughts about the self<-->negative thoughts about world<--> negative thoughts about future<--> |
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Term
| Rational emotive behavior therapy |
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Definition
ABC-Model (creating problem)
-activate event-->belief about event --> emotion/bx consequence
DEF model (resolving problem)
-disputing belief --> effects --> new feeling
-greater benefit for axis I
-our emotions stem from beliefs, evals, reactions, situations
-our thoughts about situation, not situation itself are source of bx probs |
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Term
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Definition
Multimodal therapy
rational emotive behavior therapy
stress innoculation therapy
reality therapy
mindfulness-based approaches |
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Term
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Definition
rational: generally state acceptance/preference
irrational: generally state a commanding demand (defeating)
-perfection, justice for me, effortless perfection |
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Term
| REBT's ABC model, How are problems created? |
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Definition
client reports A causes C. In reality, A doesn't cause C. Perception of A, which would be B beliefs, is what causes C
-therapist helps client ID B belief that client doesn't see |
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Term
| REBT's DEF model, How problems are resolved |
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Definition
target "hot" beliefs which tend to be more emotionally charged and cause more probs for clients
-therapist evaluate only client's beliefs and bx's (never client themself)
-work against irrational thoughts
***this strong confrontational style may overwhelm and deter pts *** |
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Term
| Stress inoculation training goals |
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Definition
-Michenbaum
To change negative self-talk
increase confidence in using one's coping repertoire |
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Term
| Stress inoculation training phases |
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Definition
1. education: providing info on neg self-talk and how it creates stress
2. training: rehearsing and practicing skills that apply to client's situation
3. practice: applying skills in real world situations
--by increasing positive self-talk in phases of stress, we prepare for stressor, confront and handle stressor, cope with overwhelming feeling, reinforce self-statements after stress |
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Term
| Mindfulness-Based approaches |
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Definition
Dialectical behavior therapy
acceptance and commitment therapy |
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Term
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Definition
paying att'n in particular way on purpose, in present, nonjudgmentally
vs. mindlessness (multitasking) |
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Term
| What was DBT originally designed for? |
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Definition
| tx of borderline personality d/o's. Evolved into tx for pts. with emotion dysregulation & THIN EMOTIONAL SKIN |
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Term
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Definition
reconciliation of opposites in continual process of synthesis
ex) "Yes..and" not "no...but"
-fundamental dialectical tension between CHANGE and ACCEPTANCE
-accept life as is and seek to solve problems |
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Term
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Definition
increase ability to tolerate emotional experience
decrease emotional dysregulation
increase interpersonal effectiveness |
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Term
| chain and solution analysis of DBT |
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Definition
description of chain of events leading up to, during, and following maladaptive bx
-ID precipitating event
-filling in links
-ID consequences
Solution analysis: therapist generate alternative behavioral responses and develop tx plan toward changing targeted bx probs |
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Term
| HOW DOES DBT differ from CBT?! |
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Definition
-focus on acceptance and validation of bx's in the moment
-emphasis on treating therapy-interfering bx's
ex) late, not doing hw
-emphasis on therapeutic relationship as essential to tx
-focus on dialectical process |
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Term
| Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) |
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Definition
Hayes
-effective for several anxiety d/o's depression, pain, drug abuse, trichotillomania
-indiv and groups |
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Term
| theoretical foundation of ACT |
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Definition
relational frame theory
-cognitive defusion: descendant of cog distancing; perceiving thoughts as only thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
create meaningful life while accepting pain w/ it
-acceptance of cognitions as they come and not changing thoughts |
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Term
| ACT view of pain and suffering |
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Definition
| pain and suffering are part of who we are and we shouldnt try to escape it |
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Term
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Definition
deliberate efforts to avoid and escape from private events (emotions, thoughts, mems)which are experienced as aversive
-negative reinforcement-->taking away anxiety by checking door, but more likely for OCD bx to occur
-ACT encourages contact with previously avoided events |
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Term
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Definition
-diminish role of literal thought (cog diffusion/deliteralization); so words are just sounds
-encourage client to contact psych experiences directly w/ out needless defense while simultaneously living one's VALUES |
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Term
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Definition
A: accept and embrace diff thoughts and feelings w/ out avoidance
C: Choose and commit to life direction that reflects who client truly is
T: take action steps towards this life direction
ex) admit you have thoughts about OCD tendencies, but they don't need to influence how you're feeling |
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Term
| ACT metaphors for intervention |
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Definition
man in hole: shovels good for getting in not out
chinese handcuffs: accept fears face to face
feeding tiger: more you feed it, more aggressive it gets
fish hook: get other person off before self
tug of war: if let go of struggle, you stop fighting it
-tombstone tecnique
-leaves on stream |
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Term
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Definition
-effective for several d/o's w/ strong research support
-may appeal to diverse client pops bc: focuses on objectivity, has problem solving orientation, it's action oriented, there's a commitment to teach coping strategies, it's brief, there's an emphasis on present, applicable to range of clients, and favored by 3rd party payers |
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Term
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Definition
less emphasis on relational factors in client-therapist relationship
-less value on past experiences
for BEHAVIOR therapy: heavy focus on bx change may detract from clients experience of emotions; lack of emphasis on insight (focus on signs and symptoms instead of causes); potential for therapist to manipulate client using this approach
-for COGNITIVE therapy: therapist may impose ideas of what constitutes 'rational' thinking on a client
-for REBT: strong confrontational style may overwhelm clients |
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Term
| focus of behavioral approaches |
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Definition
| analyzing and intervening upon observable, measurable behavior |
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Term
| how has behavioral therapy evolved? |
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Definition
Evolved in 3 ways:
1. original/pure, based on classical/operant conditioning, & social learning
2. integration of cog &behavioral
3. rise of mindfulness approached |
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Term
| Describing overview of behavioral approach |
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Definition
-behavior is defined and includes overt actions & internal processes
-change can occur w/ out insight into origin of problems
-focus on the current problem!
-therapy is action-oriented & educational |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral assessment of
specifying situations that set occasion for maladaptive bx (Antecedents), describing bx (Behavior), and detailing reinforcement contingencies that follow the bx (consequences) |
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Term
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Definition
maladaptive bx that is too much of otherwise ok bx
ex) checking locked door, binge eating |
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Term
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Definition
maladaptive bx that is lack of (good/appropriate) bx
ex) not brushing teeth |
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Term
| behavioral inappropriateness |
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Definition
maladaptive bx that is inappropriate in particular situation
ex) laughing at funeral |
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Term
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Definition
| linking new, positive responses to previously aversive stimuli |
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Term
| 2 types of counterconditioning |
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Definition
reciprocal inhibition
exposure therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing relaxation w/ anxiety-provoking stimulus/event |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to objects and situations client fears & avoids |
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Term
| 3 types of exposure therapy |
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Definition
-repeated exposure: decreases anxiety bc client habituates to feared object/situation
-flooding: intense prolonged exposure to anxiety -provoking stimulus
-systematic desensitization: associate pleasant relaxed state w/ gradually increased anxiety-triggering stimuli |
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