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| The structure of the brain changes as we learn; we 'rewire our brains.' Makes us flexible in our ability to learn; occurs in the front brain. |
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| Largest part of the brain; left & right hemispheres divided by a longitudinal fissure. Sorrounded by cortex. This is what makes birth painful. |
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| Thick connective tissue holding the left & right hemispheres of the cerebrum together. |
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| Outside the cerebrum, the site for conscious thought, memory, reasoning and abstract thought. Contains raised & lowered folds called gyri and sulci. Nerve cells in the cortex do all the things that make us human. |
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| Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus; located between cerebrum and brain stem. |
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| In the diencephalon, it sorts and redirects sensory input. Nearly all sensory information passes through here. |
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| In the diencephalon, it maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland. (Hormone secretion). Related to both nervous and endocrine systems. |
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| Connects cerebrum & diencephalon with spinal cord; made up of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata (superior to inferior). |
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| Superior brain stem; acts as center for certain reflexes involving the eye and ear. |
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| Between midbrain & m. oblongata; an important connecting link between cerebellum and rest of the nervous system |
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| Controls vital functions like respiration and heart rate. |
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| "Little brain," located in the posterior skull. Balance, muscle tone and coordination. |
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| Three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord; dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. |
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| Tough mother; one of the meninges |
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| Weblike fibers allow for movement of cerebrospinal fluid; one of the meninges |
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| Soft mother; one of the meninges |
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| Clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord, supports nervous tissue and absorbs shock. |
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| Masses of gray matter located deep within each cerebral hemisphere; regulate body movemenet and muscles of facial expression. Relevant to Parkinson's Disease. |
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| Animal brain; deep rooted memory & emotions; sympathetic & parasympathetic operation; memory recall; link between concsious and automatic functions of the brain |
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| Area of the cerebral cortex where particular brain functions are localized |
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| Primary motor area, provides conscious control of skeletal muscles |
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| Primary sensory area, where impulses from skill (touch, pain, temperature) are interpreted. |
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| Auditory area, for receiving and interpreting sound; olfactory area (smell) is located in the medial temporal lobe. |
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| Visual receiving and association area. |
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| The retention of bits of information for a few seconds or minutes, after which it is lost unless reinforced. |
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| The storage of information that can be recalled at a later time. |
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| 12 pairs; numbered by Roman Numerals. Know: V - Trigeminal Nerve; VII - Facial Nerve; X - Vagus Nerve |
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| Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal; sensory nerve of the face. The nerve the dentist uses to numb you; works with the TMJ. |
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| Cranial Nerve 7: Facial Nerve; can cause loss of facial muscle control |
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| Cranial Nerve 10: Vagus Nerve; supplies most of the organs in the thoracic & abdominal cavities, carries motor impulses to larynx & pharynx. LONGEST cranial nerve, responsible for upper thoracic organ innervation, including diaphragm. |
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| Blood flow to the brain is crucial in bringing the two things the brain needs to function - oxygen and sugar. Cut off for a few seconds - unconsciousness. Cut off for a few minutes - brain damage. |
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| Interprets sensory information sent to it by touch; the palm of your hand stimulates your cortex more than your entire back. |
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| Free dendrites of a sensory neuron; end-organ (touch & temperature); specialized cell associated with an afferent neuron (special sense organ) |
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| Temperature change receptor |
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| Chemical receptor (taste/smell) |
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| Responds to light in the eye |
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| Joint & body position in space |
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| Pressure and movement receptor |
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| Can be felt anywhere around the body: touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
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| Special to a particular organ or receptor; sight/vision (eye); smell/olfaction (nose); taste/gustation (tongue); equilibrium (inner ear); audition/hearing (inner ear) |
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| The tongue can decipher the following tastes: sweet, salty, sour, biter, savoriness |
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| A sensation in which a person feels discomfort, distress, or suffering due to irritation or stimulation of sensory nerves, especially pain nerves. An unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. |
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| Pain is an experience; it cannot be objectively measured. The fact that pain is subjective makes it difficult to diagnose and treat. |
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| Nociceptors; widely distributed throughout the body. |
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| 1.) Keen, intense, short term; 2.) Disease, inflammation, injury; 3.) Can usually be diagnosed & treated |
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| 1.) Believed to represent the disease itself; 2.) Made worse by environmental or physical factors; 3.) Long period of time; 4.) Life changing experience |
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| 1.) Chronic pain can be overridden by providing the body with alternative input through pressure, movement, heat or cold. 2.) Other stimuli travel on faster pathways than chronic pain. 3.) Cpinal cord can only interpret one type of incoming information at a time. |
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| When pain is experienced in a part of the body of thatn the region affected. Example: Arm pain due to a heart attack (not a direct nerve involvement, btw) |
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| Also, radicular pain. Nerve pain (aching, shooting, buzzing); travels along a specific pathway |
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| Pins & needles (abnormal sensation) |
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| partial or total loss of sensation |
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| Cycle in which pain and spasms, along with other mitigating factors, cause a cycle of physical, mental and emotional problems. Example: Injury causes pain, pain causes spasm, spasm causes decreased circulation, increased toxins, decreased ROM, holding patterns, sleep deprivation, and more pain. (cycle restarts) |
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| 1.) Degenerative, possible memory loss & dimentia; 2.) Plaques accumulate, become sticky, cut off oxygen & sugar to brain & cells die; 3.) Neurofibrillary tangles - long fibers in CNS get twisted and tangled |
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| Alzheimer's Diease & Massage |
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| Massage is acceptable; must be aware of communication issues and other age related considerations. |
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| Temporary flaccid paralysis of face; damage to facial nerve; portion of face that cannot hold tone. |
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| Massage is acceptable as long as sensation can still be felt; maintains good elasticity & muscle nutrients in face. |
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| 1.) Inflammation of myelin sheaths in brain & spinal cord; causes increae of scar tissue & hardening. Can be motor or sensory (or both). They have FLARE UP days. Signs: Weakness, spasms, sensation changes… |
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| Multiple Sclerosis & Massage |
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| Massage: Work in subacute state only, and don't overstimulate or over heat. Be aware of ability to perceive sensation. |
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| 1.) Lack of dopamine, created by the basal ganglia, affects motor control and coordination; 2.) symptoms: weakness, bradykinesia (slow movement), stiffness |
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| Parkinson's Disease & Massage |
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| Massage is a very important tool for this disease when working as part of a healthcare team |
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| Death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen |
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| Epilepsy / Seizure Disorder |
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| 1.) Seizures are on the rise due to video games and HDTV |
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| Epilepsy / Seizure Disorder & Massage |
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| Appropriate; helps with muscle contractions they've experienced |
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