Term
Keeping Healthy - Diet and Exercise
Food Groups |
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Definition
Carbohydrates - energy for life processes
Fats - energy for life processes. Fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies
Proteins - Used in growth, repair and building cells |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Diet and Exercise
Deficiency Diseases |
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Definition
Deficiency diseases
Too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton.
Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Diet and Exercise
Metabolism |
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Definition
| The metabolic rate is the speed at which chemical reactions eg respiration take place. Varies because of age, gender, inherited factors, proportion of muscle to fat in the body and amount of exercise and other physical activity. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Pathogens: Bacteria |
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Definition
Bacteria are microscopic living cells that can multiply rapidly
Largest are only 10 micrometres long
They release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill
Food poisoning, cholera, typhoid, whooping cough. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Pathogens: Virus |
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Definition
Many times smaller than bacteria, consist of a fragment of genetic material inside a protective protein coat. Can only reproduce inside a host cell, killing the cell in the process.
influenza (flu), colds, measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDs. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
White Blood Cells |
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Definition
Ingest pathogens and destroy them
Produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens
Produce antitoxins, counteract the toxins (what make us ill) released by pathogens.
Antibodies and antitoxins are specialised proteins. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Lymphoctye |
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Definition
Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen.
Antibodies either bind to pathogens and damage or destroy them or coat pathogens, clumping them together so easily ingested by phagocytes |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Vaccination |
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Definition
Causes body to produce white blood cells to protect against a pathogen
Can contain harmless live pathogens, fragments of the pathogen or dead pathogens |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Antibiotics |
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Definition
| Antibiotics are effective against bacteria, not against viruses. Some strains of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Semmelweiss |
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Definition
| In the 19th century, Ignaz Semmelweiss realised the importance of cleanliness in hospitals. Semmelweiss insisted that doctors should wash their hands before examining patients, something that was not common at the time. This policy greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Fleming |
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Definition
| Penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. He noticed that some bacteria he had left in a Petri dish had been killed by naturally occurring penicillium mould. Since discovery of penicillin, other antibiotics have been discovered and developed. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Painkillers |
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Definition
| Painkillers help to relieve the symptoms of an infectious disease, they do not kill the pathogens involved |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Antibiotics |
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Definition
Antibiotics are substances that kill bacteria or stop growth. Do not work against viruses; they live and reproduce inside body cells.
Antibiotic How it works
penicillin breaks down cell walls
erythromycin stops protein synthesis
ciprofloxacin stops DNA replication |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| In a population of bacteria, some bacteria may mutate to not affected by the antibiotic. These cells survive and reproduce with less competition from bacteria killed by the antibiotic, producing more bacteria not affected by the antibiotic. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
To slow down or stop the development of strains of resistant bacteria, always:
Avoid the unnecessary use of antibiotics
Complete the full course. |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Microorganism cultures |
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Definition
Sterile conditions are needed:
Petri dishes, agar jelly sterilised
The inoculating loops to transfer microorganisms must be sterilised passing the loop through a flame
Lid of Petri dish sealed with tape to avoid contamination from the air |
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Term
Keeping Healthy - Defending Against Infection
Microorganism cultures - Dangers |
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Definition
| Dangerous to incubate cultures at temperatures close to body temperature (37°C) because doing so might allow the growth of pathogens harmful to health |
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