Term
1) How should I live (as an individual)?
2) How should we live (as a community)?
3) Who am i?
4) How do we know? (key focus) |
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Definition
1) Ethics
2) Politics
3) Anthropology
4) Through our epistemology |
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Term
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Definition
Epistemology: the nature and limits of knowledge
- how you know
- “It is not what you know but how you know it” |
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Term
| what are the Four Basic Epistemologies in Core 250? |
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Definition
- Authoritarianism
- Intuitionism
- Empiricism
- Innatism |
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Term
| What is the definition of Authoritarianism? |
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Definition
| - Def: Knowledge which comes from an authority (person or text)” |
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Term
| what are the advantages of authoritarianism? |
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Definition
- Advantages:
o Efficiency
o Accessibility of information
o Context for other knowledge |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of Authoritarianism? |
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Definition
o Always a “second-order” epistemology→doesn’t tell you the source of the information, you have to ask from somewhere else, dependent on another source of epistemology
o Confusion between power and authority: because someone has power, it does not mean that they are a legitimate authority
o Requires suspension of one’s own judgment
o KEY: Authoritarian information is ONLY AS GOOD AS ITS SOURCE |
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Term
| What is the definition of intuitionism? |
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Definition
- Def: Immediate apprehension...comprehension?
o Not mediated, there’s nothing in between
o Nothing between the knowledge and the knower
- Independent of any reasoning process |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of intutionism? |
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Definition
o Personal
o Instantaneous
o Involuntary –you can’t make it happen, it just does
o Unknown origin |
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Term
| What is the definition of empiricism? |
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Definition
- Def: knowledge through direct sensory experience
- Five senses
- Common uses:
o Natural sciences (especially through instruments)
o All of us |
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Term
| What are the advantages of empiricism? |
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Definition
- Advantages
o Very “democratic” anyone can do it
o That is, open to public scrutiny and verification
o Presupposed by some of the other epistemologies
o Productive, especially in medicine, technology |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages to empiricism? |
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Definition
- Problems:
o Our senses may be deceive us
o Inefficiency
o Doesn’t explain the intangible world well (love, goodness, God) |
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Term
| What is the definition of Innatism? |
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Definition
Innatism
- Def:
o Inborn knowledge that is…
o Universal
o 100% certain
o Logical (i.e. it fits with the other things we know to be true)
- Difference from intuitionism (it’s universal) |
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Term
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Definition
- Advantages of innatism:
o It applies to everyone
o It is certain
o Keeps us from being limited to what IS |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of innatism? |
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Definition
- Problems with innatism:
o Arrogance: it’s very easy for someone to think what I think is what is innate to everyone and if you don’t see it, then there is something wrong with you
o It’s very difficult to establish universals
• Some ppl argue that what ppl call innate are just the biases enough ppl have
o You have to be careful not to include too much
o There might not be any innatism |
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Term
| What is the rationalist creedo? if you don't know this you are dumb... |
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Definition
- Rationalist Credo
o The universe is orderly
o The universe is knowable
o The universe is knowable best by human reason |
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Term
What is:
Rationalism
Humanism
Democracy
Classicism |
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Definition
• Rationalism: used reason and intelligence
• Humanism: human beings have value
a. Not necessarily secular humanism
b. Extreme form: “Man is the Measure of All things”
• Democracy: everyone should be involved in the political process…male citizens who own property
a. Government by people
• Classicism: art influenced by reason |
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Term
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Definition
| A. Definition of a Myth: a story that explains the unknown in terms of the known |
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Term
| What is the value of a myth? What are some of the problems with myths? |
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Definition
Value:
There was a psychological value that helped ppl not worry/over come fears about what was going to happen (nile flooding) as well as helped relieve ppls guilt
Problems:
Authoritarianism-who the myth came from, only as good as source, often from a ruler who just wanted more power
Conflicting myths of different culture: different gods from egypt and greece and rome etc. |
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Term
What to the picture of egyptian art show?
Pyramind
Sphynx
Abu Symbel
Hierotglypics
Etchings |
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Definition
- Pyramid Pictures: They are enormous; shows your are nothing in comparison with the power of Ramsey, authoritarianism in art.
-Sphynx: it says go away, you don’t belong here
- Abu Symbel temple: All statues of Ramsey II saying Ramsey matters and you are nothing
- Columns (temple of Karnac) very big and massive holding up massive temple of Ra
- Hieroglyphics: Cartouche “hello my name is”
- Etchings, and all art in general are expressing the power and might of person
- obsessed with death (mummy) |
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Term
| 3. Explain the difference between the classical period in Greece and the Hellenistic period. What was different in the thinking? How was this reflected in the art? |
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Definition
Classical (Hellenic): art was influenced by reason. the Parthenon was rational and was designed to look good to people. Scultures showed reason and rationality in their face. There was also a humanistic value to this art that showed humans had worth. the extreme form of this was that man was the measure of all things.
Hellenistic (greekish): said that passion was the measure of all things and there was passion, movement, and energy in the art (especially sculptures) |
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Term
| 4. Compare and contrast Egyptian and Greek architecture. |
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Definition
Egyptian: things were BIG to show power and worth and that you are little and have no value and shouldn’t be here. Very authoritarianism; Ramsey statues
Greek: focused on reason and beauty and the worth of human beings; wanted to make things that looked good. Ex: Parthenon |
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Term
| Compare the following statements and trace the period and/or group with which they are associated: "Man is the measure of all things." "Truth is the measure of all things." "Passion is the measure of all things." |
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Definition
- Man is the measure of all things (protagoras said this)
Greece: The Golden Age : The Periclean Epoch:
- Humanistic: human beings have value
- Using brains and intelligence
- Truth is the measure of all things:
Greece: Out of the Ashes: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
- teaching ppl to think and to search for truth/what is really real
- Passion is the measure of all things
. Alexander the Great; takes Greek thinking and spreads it throughout the world
- passion and energy in art, combining of culture WITH AN EMPHASIS ON ACTION AND DOING |
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Term
| What is Plato's idea of anthropology? |
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Definition
Anthropology
A. Immortality of the Soul; you have always existed (soul wise) and will always exist
B. Soul and Body: your immortal soul is trapped in a mortal body
- no form of Kathy Stormness—but out sols are like a Form |
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Term
| According to Plato, how do we know things (epistemology) |
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Definition
| Innatism, we've always had knowledge of the forms |
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Term
| In Plato's Ethics, what was the nature of human beings with respects to reason, spirit, and appetite? |
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Definition
Reason has the function to think, takes place in the head, and holds the virtue of wisdom
Spirit as the function to act, takes place in the heart, and has the virtue of courage.
Appetite has the function of sustaining the body, takes place in the loins, and holds the virtue of temperance |
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Term
| True or False, Plato believes that reason is in control |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. How are the Forms related to each other and to the physical world? |
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Definition
| Forms are the eternal unchanging idea which lie behind the changing temporal world. These Forms are in another dimension or type of reality. They cause the essence of material things and physical things are the imperfect copies of forms. Material things participate in Forms but Forms and the material items that represent the true form are different from each other. Each form has its own reality and each material thing partakes of the Form above it in a hierarchy. Physical things will eventually fall apart because they are imperfect copies of Forms. In the hierarchy you have the “true good” (moral) which leads to the beautiful and then to Good which is perfection….?? |
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Term
| 2. Relate the elements of the "Myth of the Cave" to Plato's metaphysics and epistemology. |
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Definition
- metaphysics is: “study of the ultimate nature of reality” or “the study of what is really real”
- Plato’s beliefs are there are two realities, the one that is present in this physical world, and the idea of what is present that is really real. People know the ideas to apply to the physical aspects from a former life. This is the epistemology of innatism
- The myth of the cave presents the idea that the physical world is a the world of shadows where we see things and get the sense of their true form, but what we are seeing isn't really real. the truth is in another dimension, or outside the cave of shadows |
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Term
| Explain how Plato's dialogue about the equal sticks (from the readings) "proves" the theory of Forms. → read…. |
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Definition
| Equality itself--something that is independent of any particular case of equality such as equal sticks or equal stones. However, Socrates points out, equal stones or equal sticks may look equal from one point of view and unequal from another. The idea of Equality, however, can never be unequal. If the equal things are different from Equality and yet can bring Equality into our minds, they must somehow remind us of the Form of Equality. |
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Term
| 4. How does Plato bring together Parmenides and Heraclitus? |
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Definition
| He believes there is dualism in the idea that there is this world, the physical world, that is always changing like the belief of Heraclitus, but that there is also a separate world of Forms that is the true reality and is unchanging and lies beyond the changing temporal world |
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Term
| 6. In his Republic, Plato deprives the rulers of family, home, and possessions. Why? (Be sure your answer includes his metaphysics.) |
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Definition
- A true ruler is one who puts everyone else's needs above his own, and in essence has no needs. This persons metaphysics, their ultimate nature of reality, is to work and do things for the good of everyone else, and to be truly good for those he is ruling. Because of this, he will have no family, home, or possessions, because these things cause one to put more care into protecting those things and thus you aren’t working for the food of the people you are working for the good of you…
ANother type of metaphysics is that the rule knows the true nature of things, because he is enlightened and thus knows that he doesn't need the material objects of others |
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Term
| 7. Plato claimed "No one errs knowingly." Explain this statement and show how it is influential today. |
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Definition
. The problem of evil: "No one errs knowingly"
- to know the good, is to do the good, if you know what the right thing is, you will do it
- so education is central!
- therefore if you are acting wrongly….it is because you aren’t educated (drug education and teen pregnancy education) |
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Term
| 8. How might Plato and St. Paul disagree on the nature of the self? |
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Definition
| St. Paul would say that people are willful and sinful because they know what they should do, and they want to be a pure person, and yet they still indulge in sin and in the flesh whereas Plato would say that one’s “sinning” means that they do not “truly know” what is good/bad or else they would inherently be acting good. The only way to fix this, then, is by education |
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Term
| . Define & give an example: Universal, Particular, Final Cause, Entelechy, Eudaimonia. |
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Definition
Universal: Higher Knowledge; looking at what is universal about the particular things
Particular: Lower knowledge; looking at various specific/particular things
Final Cause: FINAL Cause: that for the sake of which something is made
- the reason that something is made
- we judge by how well it performs its function/carries out its final cause
Entelechy: for something that has fulfilled its purpose
- when something fulfills its purpose, its telos, entelechy is achieved
- How can we know its purpose?
o Through reasoning it out
o Find that quality that is unique to it
Eudaimonia: The highest good (summun bonun) you can achieve
Happiness → use eudaimonia
The lifelong activity of functioning according to human purpose
- need your whole life to achieve it
- doing things to fulfill your entelechy over your life time |
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Term
| How do you Know the Universals? (Four causes) |
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Definition
Material Cause: that out of which something is made
- what is the matter it is made out of
- ex. A knife→steel
Formal Cause: that into which something is made
- ex. what the steel is being shaped into
Efficient Cause: that by means of which something is made
- the maker, the tool, the energy by which something is made
FINAL Cause: that for the sake of which something is made
- the reason that something is made
- we judge by how well it performs its function/carries out its final cause...entelechy |
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Term
| What is aristotles goal for the good |
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Definition
Aristotle’s goal:
- define a good life, make you a good person and make you live a good life, give us guidelines to help make us good and lead us to the good |
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Term
| Virtue is always tied to entelechy, a how doe you find this virute |
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Definition
How to find this “virtue”
- you use the four causes: material, formal, efficient, FINAL (telos)
- when someone has achieved its purpose
- to discover the universal of a thing |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the soul according to Aristotle |
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Definition
The Soul: Three parts (like platos parts of soul)
1. (bottom) vegetative part: that which like the vegetables
- you take in food and nourishments, you excrete certain things
- all parts of the human-ness
2. the spirited: the part of your spirit that is the emotions; the feelings you have
3. (most important) the reason: your intellect and ability to think
- each of these things have a function
- if the body doesn’t work, your emotions don’t work right, thus your brain doesn’t think right
Virtue of the soul: the greek sense of seke (counts emotional body and intellect) |
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Term
. What is the difference between Lower knowledge and Higher knowledge?
What can be known at each level? |
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Definition
The Lower level of knowledge is the inductive approach; goes out and looks at a lot of specific things and then comes to conclusions; you find the particulars
- observation: sense data → most important is through eyes
- document these observations
The Higher level of knowledge is - KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSALS**more important
- Aristotle uses the words universals (not Forms as with Plato—they are related)
- you know this through the 4 causes |
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Term
5. Compare Aristotle’s use of form with Plato’s Form.
State Aristotle’s four critiques of Plato’s Forms? |
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Definition
B. What is really real?
1. matter: “stuff” things are made out of
2. form: (vs. Plato’s FORM)
- these two things can’t be separated
- Aristotle’s form is the shape of the thing
- the form of it has an inner urge, it wants to do or be something
A. Aristotle's Criticisms of Plato's theory of ideas:
1. The “World of the Forms”
- Plato says forms are the really real
- Aristotle says the world of the forms don’t tell us adequately of the reality of this physical world
2. Forms vs. things (this world)
- Plato says what is really real is separate from this world (chair imitates the form of chairness)
- Aristotle says how do forms account for sense impressions?
3. Forms are eternal, universal, and unchanging
- Aristotle says that we need to understand this physical changing world and Plato’s concept of the world does nothing to help us understand it
4. Things “participate” in the Forms
- empty words?? |
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Term
| . Does Aristotle totally reject Plato’s view of an unseen world more real than the visible world? |
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Definition
| No he doesn’t totally reject it but the idea of a Form doesn’t adequately describe the material world and doesn’t take into account the change of the physical world and whereas Plato says what is really real is separate from this world (chair imitates the form of chairness), Aristotle says how do forms account for sense impressions? |
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Term
| What are the four elements of the world |
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Definition
earth water wind fire'
aristotle says fire is what gives energy |
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Term
| 1. Define and explain the significance of the following terms: Sophist, physis, nomos, arete |
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Definition
Sophist: the need in Athens
- they saw a need for education in public speaking and persuasion,
- would supply the need…would teach you for a price
Physis:the actual nature of things: what is really real
Nomos: the norms of a particular culture: the standards of a culture or individual
Arete: - Excellence (i.e. how to win friends and influence people)
- Can be taught |
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Term
| 2. Describe the context out of which the Sophistic movement came |
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Definition
| The sophists saw a need for education in Athens and believed that in order for there to be a democratic society that people needed to be able to speak in public and be persuasive and be educated enough to make decisions. They believed that (for a price) anyone could be taught the skills needed to be a great orator |
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Term
| 3. Compare and contrast the Sophists with Plato and Aristotle on the issues of metaphysics and epistemology, |
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Definition
o Plato: reality is made of Forms and that you know innately
o Aristotle: reality is in the physical world with thing things that are universal and you know through empiricisim and you aim for the Final cause or telos
o Sophists: reality and appearance can’t be seperated and perception is reality, perceptual empiricists, physis is the actual nature of things is what is really real, nomos is the overal cultural standard
o Sophists believed that plato is an idiot because there is no point to having eternal unchanging world and that aristotle’s universals have no worth, what good is it to you?
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Term
| 3. Compare and contrast the Sophists with Plato and Aristotle on the issues of , ethics, and politics |
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Definition
- Politics/Ethics
o Plato: parts of soul: reason, spirit, appetite; reason controls it all/ a true king or ruler who exhibits reason should rule (democracy is studpid)
o Aristotle: Focus on what is ‘Good’ and finding eudiaomia and the Golden mean/aristorcracy, but mainly finding the middle is best
o Sophists: focus on what is practical (knowing what difference does something make) and arete, or finding excellence/ you don’t ask is it right, or is it wrong but you ask does it work...the idea of being realistic and that justice if the will of the stronger prevails and there are no trans-societal standards |
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