Term
| Two ways the Pope would control |
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Definition
Excommunication - Cutting off the individual from the church, so there was no means of grace.
Interdict - Which is to cut off the means of grace for an entire group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deputy or successor who were in charge, but they weren’t better than everyone else. They lead the Umma (the community). The problem came when people in the Umma wanted relatives of Mohammed to rule as Caliph. |
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Term
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Definition
| One group said leadership should come through Mohammed (Shia), the other group believed that leadership should not come through Mohammed (Sunni). |
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Term
| The Fusion of Political and Religious Power |
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Definition
| Caliph became the political and religious leader of the community. They expanded the empire through the military Jihad. |
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Term
| The Cumulative Effect of the Hadith and Sunna— The Sharia (“The Camel’s Way to Water”) |
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Definition
| Mohammed did not leave code for behavior or activity. Scholars had to figure this out after his death. The Hadith are the collective sayings, deeds and traditions of Mohammed. The Sunna are the customs of Mohammed. These were worked into the Sharia. |
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Term
| The Necessity of Religious Toleration |
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Definition
| When countries were brought into the Islam Empire, they needed religious toleration to hold it all together. They pretended to persecute these other religions when they thought they were being too nice to other religions. Sometimes there were restrictions on building Synagogues and Churches. |
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Term
| Feudalism—Production and Protection |
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Definition
| No central ruling caused feudal wars between the Lords. There was mutual responsibility. The people would work for him, and he would provide food, protection and supplies for the village. |
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Term
| Monastic Learning—The Arts in Service to Faith |
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Definition
| Most learning took place in Monasteries. They had to transfer knowledge from this generation to the next; they would copy scriptures and commentaries. Were not interested in non-Christian teachings. |
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Term
| Traders and Travelers—Intercultural Exchange |
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Definition
| They traveled great distances to sell things to others. With them, they brought Islamic culture to places such as Indonesia (most Islamic country). |
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Term
| Education—Preservation and Extension |
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Definition
| Muslims were interested in learning about other cultures. They had the most advanced medical knowledge at the time, anywhere. They were the first to diagnose smallpox and measles. It was translated and spread to European countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| They established first laboratories from the attempt to become alchemists. They found Alcohol, the peopled liked it. They studied geography and math. |
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Term
| A Strange Synergy: Harun al-Rashid [786-809]and Charlemagne [768-814] |
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Definition
| Harun was Powerful. They exchanged gifts (elephant, and water clock). Harun writes to the Byzantine Empire, cursing it. They worked together as allies to take down the Byzantine Empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traveled the distances and to the holy places that Jesus did. Roads became dangerous, and pilgrims were at risk of being robbed or attacked. |
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Term
| The Rise of the Seljuk Turks |
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Definition
| Males would not get a name until they killed someone, females were also trained in warfare. They converted to Islam, and conquered the world for Islam. They were all about Jihad. |
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Term
| Crusades - The Call and the Rationale |
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Definition
| The Pope called for a European wide attempt to take the holy parts of the Middle East back. They wanted a Christian army, to take up the cross and fight for material and spiritual rewards. They wanted to take back the Christian cities that Islam had conquered. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was a just war, and a just cause. Christ is supporting us. “Their expedition was lead by Christ.” Demonization of the Muslims, the mosaic showed Muslims as less than human. |
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Term
| The Best Laid Plans . . . |
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Definition
| It’s always easier to get into something, then out of it. The focus of the Crusades gets blurred. Christians in Venice turned on the Christians in Constantinople. The children’s crusade of 1212, the children are sold as slaves to the Middle East and never get to fight. |
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Term
| Multifaceted Intercultural Exchange |
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Definition
| Cotton, rice, and apricots are exchanged. Cultures were pulled together. It introduces learnings that had been lost for a long time. The translations of the Greeks and Romans were brought back into the west after the Crusade period. The Renaissance and Reformation come out of this period of the Crusades. |
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Term
| Consolidation of Power (political, economic, religious) |
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Definition
| Some political leaders gained more power. Increased trading networks create a class, of people called the bourgeoisie created by the economic profits of trading. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Crusader’s travels create awareness of the other cultures and religions. The Islamic Empire also gains this insight. Westerners began to explore more; to India, China and Western Hemisphere. |
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