Term
Motor
extension of all arm, wrist and finger joints below shoulder
Forearm supination
Thumb abduction |
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Definition
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Term
Motor
extension of all arm, wrist and finger joints below shoulder
Forearm supination
Thumb abduction |
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Definition
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Term
Motor
Thumb flexion and opposition
Flexion digits 2,3
Wrist flexion
Wrist abduction
Forearm pronation |
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Definition
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Term
Motor
Finger adduction and abduction (no thumb)
Flexion of 4th and 5th
Wrist flexion
Wrist adduction |
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Definition
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Term
Upper Trunk Nerve Injury
Traction injury
Loss of C5, C6 innervation
Deltoid, biceps, infraspinatus, wrist extensors
Waiters Tip Sign |
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Definition
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Term
Lower Trunk Injury
Traction over head
C8, T1 innervated muscles
Loss hand and finger extension
Atrophy of hypothenar
Loss sensation to ulnar aspect of hand and forearm
Horner’s syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
Lower Trunk
Between clavicle and first rib
Symptoms increase by external rotation and raising arm
Decrease brachial pulse
EMG and X-ray (first rib) |
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Definition
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Term
Lower Trunk
Usually non-small cell carcinoma
Horners syndrome-ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Ptosis-upper eyelid drooping loss of innervation to Muller’s smooth muscle
Miosis-increased pupillary size, impaired dilation
Dilation lag
Anhidrosis-decreased sweating of the ipsilateral side of neck
Cause is lesion to the sympathetic pathway at lower trunk |
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Definition
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Term
| Dislocation, fracture proximal humerous or instability shoulder in inferior plane |
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Definition
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Term
| Cause: arm slung over park bench (Saturday Night Palsy); Improper crutch use (crutch palsy) or fracture to humerus |
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Definition
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Term
| Findings: decrease tricep reflex, sensory loss, and wrist drop |
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Definition
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Term
| Wrist bands or handcuffs can compress superficial branch cause isolated loss of dorsal lateral hand |
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Definition
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Term
| Cause: compression of upper arm i.e. head resting on upper arm (honeymooners palsy) fracture of the humerus or distal radius, entrapment at pronator teres |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor: Weakness wrist flexion and abduction, opposition of thumb, flexion 2nd and 3rd digit |
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Definition
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Term
Findings: sensory loss _________ nerve distribution
Possible “preacher or orator’s hand” |
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Definition
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Term
Cause: compression median nerve at flexor retinaculum
Other Causes: pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hypothyroidism, arthritis, wrist fracture, acromegaly, uremia, diabetes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor: LOAF Lumbircals I and II, Oppens polcles, Abductor pollicus brevis, Flexor pollicus brevis |
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Definition
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Term
| Findings: paraesthesia median nerve, percussion median, phalen |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor: Wrist flexion and abduction, finger adduction and abduction finger and flexion 4th and 5th digits |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| compression of nerve at funny bones |
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Definition
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Term
Medial elbow and/or forearm pain
Paresthesia into the 4th and 5th digits
History of overuse activities
◦ Throwing
◦ Typing
◦ leaning on the elbow |
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Definition
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Term
| Traction injuries from dynamic valgus forces at the elbow ex: pitching |
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Definition
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Term
| Static valgus deformity secondary to previous fracture or growth plate injury |
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Definition
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Term
| Anatomical changes in the ulnar groove such as degenerative spurring result in impingement |
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Definition
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Term
| SOL in the cubital tunnel: ganglion, granuloma, lipoma neoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| Increases 3X with elbow flexion and wrist extension combined (Elbow Flexion Test; EFT) |
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Definition
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Term
| Increases 6X in the cocking positon of throwing |
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Definition
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Term
Sites compression:
1. fibrous bands attached to the radiocapitellar joint
2. radial recurrent vessels
3. tendinous origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis
4. tendinous origin of the supinator (ie, arcade of Frohse)
5. Fibrous thickenings within and at the distal margin of the supinator |
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Definition
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Term
Pain over the anterolateral proximal forearm
Cause repetitive elbow extension or forearm rotation
Location tenderness is located 4 fingerbreadths distal to the lateral epicondyle
Findings symptoms are intensified by extending the elbow and pronating the forearm
Exam resisted active supination and extension of the long finger cause pain.
Weakness and numbness usually are not demonstrated |
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Definition
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Term
| Compression is thought to occur after takeoff of the branches to the radial wrist extensors and the radial sensory nerve (RSN). After emerging from the supinator, |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
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Term
| Nerve may be compressed before it bifurcates into medial and lateral branches |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
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Term
| Causes a complete paralysis of the digital extensors and dorsoradial deviation of the wrist secondary to paralysis of the extensor carpi ulnaris. |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
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Term
| Presentation-paralysis of the wrist and digital extensors. Pain may be present is not a primary symptom. |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
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Term
| Findings-active wrist extension often result in weak dorsoradial deviation due to involvement of the extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum communis. |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
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Term
Patients do not have a sensory deficit.
Rarely compression of the _____________ nerve may occur after bifurcation into medial and lateral branches.
Paralysis selective branches results |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
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Term
| Described by Wartenberg |
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Definition
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Term
Causes: isolated lesions of a sensory _________ nerve from trauma or pressure but also unknown causes.
Purely sensory neuropathy of the finger/toes digits
Time frame: develops slowly and spontaneously and recedes slowly, usually within months. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions affecting the motor nuclei of cranial nerves in the brainstem (Lower motor neurons) |
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Definition
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Term
| Bilateral involvement of cortiobulbar pathway disease (upper motor neurons) |
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Definition
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