Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object or event, whose reinforcing effectiveness depends on the same motivating operation. |
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Term
| Abolishing Operation (AO) |
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Definition
| A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Either (a) an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an evocative effect; or (b) a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an abative effect. |
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Term
| Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO) |
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Definition
A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history. |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event whose reinforcing effectiveness depends on the same motivating operation. For example, food deprivation evokes (increases the current frequency of) behavior such as opening the fridge that has been reinforced by food. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in an organism’s repertoire of MO, stimulus, and response relations, caused by reinforcement, punishment, an extinction procedure, or a recovery from punishment procedure. Respondent function-altering effects result from the pairing and unpairing of antecedent stimuli. |
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Term
| Motivating Operation (MO) |
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Definition
| An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event. |
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Term
| Reflexive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-R) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement. It is exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape-avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behavior that has accomplished that offset. |
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Term
| Reinforcer Abolishing Effect |
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Definition
| A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event caused by a motivating operation. For example, food ingestion abolishes (decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of food. |
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Term
| Reinforcer Establishing Effect |
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Definition
| An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event caused by a motivating operation. For example, food deprivation establishes (increases) the reinforcing effectiveness of food. |
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Term
| Surrogate Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-S) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired. |
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Term
| Transitive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-T) |
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Definition
| An environmental variable that, as a result of a learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Motivating Operation (UMO) |
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Definition
| A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history. For example, food deprivation increases the reinforcing effectiveness of food without the necessity of any learning history. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two kinds: (a) The occurrence alone of a stimulus that acquired its function by being paired with an already effective stimulus, or (b) the occurrence of the stimulus in the absence as well as in the presence of the effective stimulus. Both kinds of unpairing undo the result of the pairing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of motivating operations that causes an in-the-moment increase or decrease in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a specific stimulus. |
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Term
| Antecedent Stimulus Class |
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Definition
| A set of stimuli that share a common relationship. All stimuli in an antecedent stimulus class evoke the same operant behavior, or elicit the same respondent behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antecedent stimulus that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (e.g. peanuts, cheese, meat are all sources of protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus class whose members share a common set of features. |
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Term
| Conditional Discrimination |
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Definition
| Performance in a match-to-sample procedures in which discrimination between the comparison stimuli is conditioned on, or depends on, the sample stimulus present on each trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli. After the student has responded correctly to several 0-sec delay trials, after which presentation of the response prompt follows the instructional stimulus by a predetermined and fixed delay (usually 3-4 seconds) for all subsequent trials. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has been reinforced and in the absence of which that behavior has not been reinforced; as a result of this history, an SD evokes operant behavior because its presence signals the availability of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of techniques for gradually transferring stimulus control with a minimum of errors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli that share common physical forms or structures (e.g., made from wood, four legs, round, blue) or common relative relationships (e.g., bigger than, hotter than, higher than, next to). (Compare to arbitrary stimulus class.) |
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Term
| Least-to-Most Response Prompts |
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Definition
| A technique of transferring stimulus control in which the practitioner gives the participant an opportunity to perform the response with the least amount of assistance on each trial. The participant receives greater degrees of assistance with each successive trial without a correct response. The procedure for least-to-most prompting requires the participant to make a correct response within a set time limit (e.g., 3 seconds) from the presentation of the natural SD. If the response does not occur within the specified time, the applied behavior analyst presents the natural SD and a response prompt of least assistance, such as a verbal response prompt. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrete trial procedure for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence. A matching-to-sample trial begins with the participant making a response that presents or reveals the sample stimulus; next, the sample stimulus may or may not be removed, and two or more comparison stimuli are presented. The participant then selects one of the comparison stimuli. Responses that select a comparison stimulus that matches the sample stimulus are reinforced; no reinforcement is provided for responses selecting the nonmatching comparison stimuli. |
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Term
| Most-to-Least Response Prompts |
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Definition
| A technique of transferring stimulus control in which the practitioner physically guides the participant through the entire performance sequence, and then gradually reduces the level of assistance in successive trials. Customarily, most-to-least prompting transitions from physical guidance to visual prompts to verbal instructions, and finally to the natural stimulus without prompts. |
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Term
| Overselective Stimulus Control |
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Definition
| A condition in which the range of discriminative stimuli, or stimulus features controlling behavior, is extremely limited; often interferes with learning. (Also called stimulus overselectivity.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the most salient component of a compound stimulus arrangement controls responding and interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by the more relevant stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli that starts with simultaneous presentation of the natural stimulus and the response prompt (0-sec time delay). The number of 0-sec time delay trials depends on the functioning level of the participant. Following simultaneous presentations, the time delay is gradually and systematically extended. |
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Term
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Definition
| A temporary antecedent stimulus in the form of verbal instruction, a model, or physical support that is delivered close in time with the relevant SD to help the client engage |
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Term
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Definition
| Or "masking." Occurs when a competing stimulus blocks the evocative function of a stimulus that has acquired stimulus control over the behavior. Stimulus blocking can be mitigated by rearranging the physical environment, making instructional stimuli appropriately intense, and consistently reinforcing behavior in the presence of the instructionally relevant discriminative stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of antecedent stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement, or has produced reinforcement of lesser quality, in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| When one stimulus (the SD) signals the availability of reinforcement and the absence of that stimulus (SΔ) signals a zero or reduced chance of reinforcement, responses will occur more often in the presence of the SD than in its absence (SΔ). |
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Term
| Stimulus Discrimination Training |
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Definition
| The conventional procedure requires one behavior and two antecedent stimulus conditions. Responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition, the SD, but not in the presence of the other stimulus, the SΔ. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of transferring stimulus control that involves highlighting a physical dimension of a stimulus (size, color, position) to increase the likelihood of a correct response and then gradually diminishing the exaggerated dimension until the learner is responding correctly to the naturally occurring stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence, the same type of behavior tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus. |
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Term
| Stimulus Generalization Gradient |
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Definition
| A graphic depiction of of the extent to which behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prompts that operate directly on the antecedent task stimuli to cue a correct response in conjunction with the critical SD (changing the size, color, position of a stimulus within an array to make its selection more likely). |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli that begins with the simultaneous presentation of the natural stimulus and response prompt. |
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