Term
| What are the systemic control mechanisms for blood distribution and blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Neuronal (CNS and PNS) and hormal (endocrine system) |
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Term
| What are the local control mechanisms for the regulation of blood distribution and blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Lockally produced humoral factors and locally applied physical factors |
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Term
| True or false: Local regulatory mechanisms can override systemic mechanisms for control of peripheral circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| The parameters in which a change in perfusions pressure results in an alteration of vascular resistance to maintain constant blood flow is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of autoregulation of circulation? |
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Definition
| Maintenance of blood flow by responding to drops in perfusion pressure |
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Term
| The contraction of vascular smooth muscle in response to an increase in transmural pressure (or the opposite in response to decreased transmural pressure) describes what? |
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Definition
| Myogenic theory of autoregulation |
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Term
| What are the function of endothelium-derived vasoactive substances? |
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Definition
| Regulation of local blood flow |
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Term
| Endothelium-derived vasoactive substances usually initiate what type of response regulating local blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Endothelium-derived vasoactive substances are usually released in response to what? What do they act on? |
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Definition
| Pathological conditions, specific receptors or ion channels |
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Term
| What endothelium-derived vasoactive substances are vasodilators? |
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Definition
| Nitric oxide, prostacyclin (PGI2), mediated by ETB |
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Term
| What endothelium-derived vasoactive substances are vasoconstrictors? |
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Definition
| Endothelin, endothelin derived constriction factors 1 and 2 (EDCF1 and EDCF2), all mediated through ETA |
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Term
| What is used to synthesize nitric oxide in endothelium? |
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Definition
| L-arginine via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) |
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Term
| What are the two forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)? |
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Definition
| Constitutive (cNOS type III) and inducible (iNOS type II) |
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Term
| What is the difference between constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS)? |
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Definition
| Constitutive is Ca++ dependent and always produced, inducible is Ca++ independent and present during inflammation (in response to bacterial endotoxins and cytokines) |
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Term
| What does nitric oxide activate in smooth muscle cells in order to stimulate relaxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does cyclic GMP induce smooth muscle relaxation? |
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Definition
| High cGMP inhibits calcium entry into the cell, activates K+ channels, stimulates cGMP-dependent protein kinase that activates myosin light chain phosphatase |
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Term
| How does nitric oxide cause indirect vasodilation? |
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Definition
| Inhibits vasoconstrictor influences such as angiotensin II and sympathetic vasoconstriction |
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Term
| How does nitric oxide induce an anti-thrombotic effect? |
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Definition
| Inhibites platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium |
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Term
| How does nitric oxide induce an anti-inflammatory effect? |
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Definition
| Inhibits leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium, scavenges superoxide anions |
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Term
| How does nitric oxide produce a anti-proliferative effect? |
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Definition
| Inhibits smooth muscle hyperplasia |
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Term
| An increase in organ blood flow associated with an increase in metabolic activity of the organ is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Active hyperemia occurs due to what kinds of actions? |
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Definition
| Increased skeletal muscle contractions, cardiac activity, brain activity, and GI activity following a meal |
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Term
| A transient increase in organ flow that occurs following a brief period of ischemia, usually produced by temprorary arterial occlusion, describes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The magnitude and duration of hyperemia are directly proportional to what? |
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Definition
| The magnitude and duration of the ischemia it follows |
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Term
| Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors produce what kind of control over circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta-2 adrenergic receptors produce what kind of control over circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta-1 adrenergic receptors elicit what kind of control over circulation? |
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Definition
| Effects heart rate and contractility |
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Term
| Serotonin elicits what kind of control over circulation? |
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Definition
| Vasoconstrictor for local control of tissue damage |
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Term
| Theomboxane A2 elicits what kind of control over circulation? |
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Definition
| Vasconstriction from platelets to promote platelet aggregation |
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Term
| Histamines produce what kind of response in the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| Vasodilator from mast cells in response to injury/inflammation, constricts bronchial smooth muscle |
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Term
| What effect do prostaglandins have in the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What peptides provide neuro-humoral regulation of circulation by monitoring venous return and altering circulation volume? |
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Definition
| Angiotensin II, atrial natriuetic peptide, vasopressin |
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Term
| Does the opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels produce vasocontraction or vasodilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels produce vasocontraction or vasodilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels produce vasocontraction or vasodilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the activation of stretch-activated nonselective cation channels produce vasocontraction or vasodilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do muscarinic receptors produce vasocontraction or vasodilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to elicit very rapid adjustments of blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Vascular reflexes, mainly sympathetic nervous system via innervation of arteries, arterioles, and veins |
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Term
| Are capacitance vessels (veins) more responsive to sympathetic stimulation or vasodilator metabolites? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is sympathetic stimulation to aide in cardiovascular demands during exercise? |
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Definition
| Constricts veins and augments the cardiac filling |
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Term
| Baroreceptors found in the carotid sinus send signals across which nerve to the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
Baroreceptors found in the aortic arch send signals across which nerve to the CNS?
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Definition
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