Term
| What four mechanisms regulate tissue perfusion |
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Definition
| cardiovascular center, hormonal controls, neural controls, autoregulation |
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Term
| What does the cardiovascular center control in the heart |
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Definition
| contractility, heart rate, stroke volume |
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Term
| What does the cardiovascular center control in the blood vessels |
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Definition
| blood vessel diameter, blood flow, blood pressure |
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Term
| What feedback systems does the cardiovascular center control |
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Definition
| hormonal, neural, and local feedback systems |
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Term
| What does the cardiovascular center receive signals from |
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Definition
| baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioreceptors |
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Term
| Which neurons are involved with the cardiovascular center |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of the autonomous nervous system |
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Term
| What does an increase in sympathetic stimulation cause |
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Definition
| an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure |
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Term
| What does an increase in parasympathetic stimulation cause |
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Definition
| a decrease in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure |
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Term
| What is vasomotor tone and what sets it |
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Definition
| vasomotor tone is the partial constriction of arterioles at all times. It is set by the cardiovascular center and is responsible for the resting level of systemic vascular resistance |
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Term
| What are the two reflexes involved in the neural control of blood flow |
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Definition
| baroreceptor reflex and chemoreceptor reflex |
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|
Term
| What does the baroreceptor reflex do |
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Definition
| it monitors and responds to changes in blood pressure |
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|
Term
| How do baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| by sensing the degree of stretch in the vascular walls of expandable organs |
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|
Term
| Where are the baroreceptors located |
|
Definition
| the carotid sinus, aortic sinus, and right atrium |
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|
Term
| what happens when the baroreceptors sense and increase in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| vasodilation and a decrease in cardiac output which decreases blood pressure |
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Term
| What happens when baroreceptors sense a decrease in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and an increase in cardiac output which increases blood pressure |
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|
Term
| What do chemoreceptor reflexes do |
|
Definition
| they monitor and detect changes in the chemical composition of blood |
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Term
| What chemicals are monitored by chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH |
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|
Term
| Where are chemoreceptors located |
|
Definition
| carotid body and aortic body |
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|
Term
| What conditions does the chemoreceptor reflex respond to |
|
Definition
| increased carbon dioxide or decreased oxygen and pH |
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|
Term
| How does the chemoreceptor reflex respond |
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Definition
| increases respiratory rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output. causes vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
| What are the four hormonal controls of blood pressure |
|
Definition
| RAA system, ADH, ANP, epinephrine-norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| What does RAA system stand for |
|
Definition
| renin angiotensin aldosterone system |
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|
Term
| When does RAA system appear in the blood |
|
Definition
| when blood pressure in the kidney is low |
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|
Term
| What is the first step in the RAA system |
|
Definition
| renin and angiotensin converting enzymes produce angiotensin II |
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|
Term
| What does angiotensin II cause |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and the secretion of aldosterone |
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|
Term
| What does aldosterone cause |
|
Definition
| an increase in blood sodium which increases reabsorption in capillaries and increases blood volume |
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|
Term
| What does the Raa system do to blood pressure |
|
Definition
| it increases it through vasoconstriction and an increase in blood volume |
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|
Term
| Where is norepinephrine and epinephrine secreted from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epinephrine and norepinephrine released in response to |
|
Definition
| stimulation from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
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|
Term
| What does the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine cause |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction, vasodilation, an increase in cardiac output |
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|
Term
| Where does vasoconstriction occur when epinephrine and norepinephrine is released |
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Definition
| skin and abdominal organs |
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|
Term
| Where does vasodilation occur when epinephrine and norepinephrine are released |
|
Definition
| cardiac and skeletal muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the blood pressure is low |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and decrease in water loss through the kidneys which increases blood volume and increases blood pressure |
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|
Term
| When is atrial natriuretic peptide secreted |
|
Definition
| when high blood pressure stretches the walls of the right atrium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the right atrium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| vasodilation and an increase in sodium and water elimination in the kidneys which decreases blood pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of tissue to automatically adjust blood flow through local vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
| What factors does autoregulation depend upon |
|
Definition
| physical changes and the presence of vasodilating and vasoconstrictiong chemicals |
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|
Term
| What are the two main physical changes in autoregulation and what do they cause |
|
Definition
| warming causes vasodilation, cooling causes vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
| What are two vasodilating chemicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two vasoconstricting chemicals |
|
Definition
| thromboxane and prostaglandins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the alternate expansion and recoiling of vascular walls after each ventricular contraction |
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|
Term
| What is blood pressure measured with |
|
Definition
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