Term
| Define residential segregation |
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Definition
| - the tendency of people in any two groups or races to live in separate areas |
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Term
| Define De Jure Segregation |
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Definition
| - segregation that results from an official law or deliberate policy that mandates separate spaces (housing, schools, workplaces, public accommodations, etc.) for different racial groups |
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Term
| Define De Facto Segregation |
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Definition
| - De Facto is a Latin expression that means "in fact" or "in practice," but not spelled out by law. Thus, de facto residential segregation is not the result of an official policy, but instead occurs as a result of other historical or social preocesses. |
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Term
| Define Index of Dissimilarity |
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Definition
| - social scientists have developed a number of measures of residential segregation, but probably the most widely used is the index of dissimilarity, sometimes also referred to as the segregation index. This index ranges from 0 to 100, with 0 being no segregation and 100 being total segregation. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the extent to which minority areas join one another spatially. Clustering is maximized when minority neighborhoods form one large, contiguous ghetto; and it is minimized when they are scattered, as in a checkerboard pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the degree to which members of a minority group are distributed in and around the center of an urban area, usually defined as the central- business district |
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Term
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Definition
| - the relative amount of physical space occupied by members of a racial minority group; as segregation increases, minority group members are increasingly confined to smaller, geographically compacted areas |
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Term
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Definition
| - refers to the extreme levels of Black- White segregation in many large metropolitan areas in the United States. Blacks in these "hypersegregated" areas live within large, continguous settlements of densely inhabited neighborhoods packed tightly around the urban core. Inhabitants typically would be unlikely to come into contact with non- Blacks in the neighborhood where they live. If they were to travel to an adjacent neighborhood, they would be unlikely to see a White face. If they went to the next neighborhood beyond that, no Whites would be there either. People growing up in such an environment would have little direct experience with culture, norms, and behaviors of the rest of American society, and have few social contacts with members of other racial groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a term for the demographic trend where middle- and upper class Whites move away relatively rapidly from non- White inner- city neighborhoods to predominantly White suburban areas |
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Term
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Definition
| - the selective showing of houses to persons of different racial groups. For example, when Blacks are shown houses in predominatly Black neighborhoods or racially mixed areas, and Whites are shown houses in predominatly White neighborhoods. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the term used to describe an illegal practice of discrimination against a racial minority group by real estate lenders or insurance companies. Redlining occurs when lenders or insurance companies decide certain areas of a community are too high risk (often based on the racial make- up of the community). Real estate lenders who redline refuse to give a mortgage to buyers who want to purchase property in those areas, regardless of their qualifications or creditworthiness. Insurance companies who redline refuse to insure consumers who live in certain neighborhoods. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a discriminatory practice used by real estate agents, which played on the fears of Whites and the housing predicament of Blacks. This practice occurred in all- White nieghborhoods near Black nieghborhoods or in areas undergoing racial demographic change. Real estate agents would approach people living in the neighborhood and tell them that Blacks were about to move in and that the property values would go down. The realtors pressed Whites to sell quickly while they could still get their money, intending to panic Whites into selling their houses at a low price. Commissions were collected, and the house could often be sold to a Black family at an inflated price because of the limited market of housing available to Blacks. |
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Term
| Define Health Disparities |
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Definition
| - gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial and ethnic groups |
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Term
| Describe environmental injustice |
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Definition
| - occurs when a group of people is forced to bear an environmental burden, for the alleged good of society, that the rest of society does not bear |
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Term
| Describe environmental racism |
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Definition
| - refers to any policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (whether intended or unintended) individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color |
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Term
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Definition
| - refers to the "fairness" question: the extent that governing rules, regulations, evaluation criteria, and enforcement are applied uniformly across the board and in a non- discriminatory way |
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Term
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Definition
| - refers to location and spatial configuration of communities and their proximity to environmental hazards, noxious facilities, and locally unwanted land uses such as landfills, incinerators, sewer treatment plants, lead smelters, refineries, and other noxious facilities |
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Term
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Definition
| - assesses the role of sociological (race, ethnicity, class, culture, life styles, political power, etc.) on environmental decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| - a phrase coined by Bullard that refers to the dilemma that occurs when workers are forced to choose between unemployment and a job that may result in risks to their health, their family's health, and the health of their community. Economic conditions in many people-of-color communities make them especially vulnerable to this practice. |
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Term
| Define NIMBY versus NIABY |
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Definition
- the acronym refers to the "not in my backyard" battles that have occurred across the United States to stop hazardous or toxic facilities from being sited in particular neighborhoods
- NIAMBY is not in anybody's backyard |
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Term
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Definition
| - this phrase- "place in Black's backyard" was coined by environmental justice activists to protest the ways that city government and private industry targeted landfills, incinerators, and garbage dumps for Houston's black neighborhoods for more than five decades |
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Term
| Define intErracial marriage |
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Definition
| - occurs when two people of different racial groups marry. In the United States in the year 2000, approximately 2.6% of all marriages were interracial. |
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Term
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Definition
| - occurs when two people of the same race marry |
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Term
| Define Exogamy versus Endogamy |
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Definition
- Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside of one's social group. Interracial marriage is a form of exogamy.
- Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specified social group, class, race, or ethnicity |
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Term
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Definition
| - mixing of different reaces in marriage, cohabitation, or sexual relations |
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Term
| Describe the Anti- Miscegenation Laws |
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Definition
| - state laws that were established to prevent the marriage of persons of different races. The penalty for attempting to marry someone of a different race most often involved a monetary fine and or jail time |
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Term
| Describe border patrolling |
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Definition
| - occurs when members of a particular race discourage others of the same race from becoming involved in interracial relationships and sanction those who cross the color line. Both Whites and minority group members may engage in border patrolling, although often for different reasons |
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Term
| What is the difference between the index of dissimilarity and the isolation index? |
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Definition
| - the index of dissimilarity is the relative number of blacks who would have to change geographic units so that an even black- white spatial distribution could be achieved. The isolation index is the percentage of blacks residing in the geographic unit of the average black person |
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Term
| What groups in the United States is the most segregated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the six reasons that segregation may occur at the neighborhood level |
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Definition
1) Rapid Immigration + Large #’s of Immigrants (We are a nation of immigrants, but when large number of immigrants come in a short period of time they settle in ethnic enclaves for Lang, culture, security, protection, for example Little Italy, China Town, and over time groups like Europeans started to settle out and integrate, but the question is will Latinos and Asians do the same or will they be prevented by discrimination and we don’t really have an answer to this)
2) Discriminatory Legislation, Policies, and Programs (FHA- Homogenous housing policy said that in order for a person to have a loan they had to make sure they were moving into a racially homogenous neighborhood and they would not sell their house to an ethnic person- Black, Jew, or Arab person, and if you did you couldn’t get a loan, and peer pressure works like a charm back then/ Highways were also given to federal government so minority neighborhoods were knocked down)
o De Jure
o De Facto (Why segregation as persisted and why it’s becoming worse)
3) White Preference (African Americans say they WANT to be integrated in neighborhoods for property value and education, ideally they want 50/50 but Whites prefer to live in a predominantly white neighborhood and when it goes over 20% black they would be scared, or even move, and our generation is saying they would rather be integrated)
4) White Flight
5) Harassment and Discrimination (Hate crimes and the second most common is on property)
6) Discriminatory Real Estate Practices (People who are doing the loaning and the selling)
o Racial Steering
o Blockbusting
o Redlining |
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Term
| What are the three major trends of White Flight? |
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Definition
1st stage is when the neighborhood starts being more appealing to racial minorities as more minorities move in
2nd stage is whites stop moving in at rates that would be expected
3rd stage is that whites start moving out at rates that aren’t expected |
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Term
| What are the three major trends of White Flight? |
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Definition
1st stage is when the neighborhood starts being more appealing to racial minorities as more minorities move in
2nd stage is whites stop moving in at rates that would be expected
3rd stage is that whites start moving out at rates that aren’t expected |
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Term
| Discuss the number effects of residential segregation (8) |
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Definition
1) Geographically Concentrated Poverty (Poor are not evenly distributed, it tends to appear in rural areas and urban areas are were it is the most concentrated, with income inequality has grown, Blacks and Latinos have a disproportionate amount of poverty when it comes to residential segregation)
2) Loss of Economic Opportunities/ Jobs
3) Increased Street Crime
4) Lack of Amenities/ Resources
5) Negative Health Effects (Eating, exercise, Motherhood)
6) School Segregation (Ripple effects on life chances and opportunities)
7) Isolation Decreases Culture Understanding and Awareness (When we have these contact moments like in college for example, and we only think of Black people as 50 cent and they only see White people as from the OC then discrimination is going to happen)
8) Diminished Social Networks (Jobs are found through Social Networks and often racial and ethnic minorities are isolated from these networks) |
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Term
| What are the three ways that racism matters when it comes to negatively effecting health status? |
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Definition
1) It can transform social status so that SES indicators are not equivalent across race. (There are large differences in eduaction quality and the amount of skills that Blacks could potentially bring to the labor market, and Blacks are more likely to work in a more hazardous area)
2) Racism can restrict access to the quantity and quality of health- related desirable services suh as public eduaction, health care, housing, and recreational facilities
3) The experience of racial discrimination and other forms of racism may induce psychological distress than may adversely affect physical and mental health status as well as the likelihood of engaging in violence and addiction |
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Term
| What are four general indicators of health disparities? Give at lease one concrete example of how each of these indicators reveals racial health disparities. |
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Definition
1) Life Expectancy:
On Average, African Americans live about 51?2 years less than Whites. In 2000, the life expectancy for African Americans was 71.7, compared to 77.4 for Whites. For Black women it was 74.9,
compared with 80 for White women. For Black men it was 68.2, compared with 74.8 for White men. A slower rate of decline among Blacks than Whites for heart disease is the chief contributor
to this widening racial gap in life expectancy, while HIV infection, homicide, diabetes, and
pneumonia are also major causes of lower life expectancy for Blacks.
2) Infant Mortality:
- The infant mortality rate (number of deaths per year of infants under one year old per thousand live births) was 5.7 for Whites in 2000 but 14.1 – almost two and a half times as high – for Blacks.
Illness:
- Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death for all racial and ethnic groups in the
United States. In 2000, rates of death from diseases of the heart were 29% higher among African American adults than among White adults, and death rates from stroke were 40% higher.
4) Percieved Health Status:
- In 2001 almost 15% African Americans, 13% of Latinos/as, and about 17% Native Americans described their health as "fair" or "poor", compared with fewer than 8% of non- Hispanic whites |
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Term
| Describe what the Health People of 2010 is and their 2 goals are |
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Definition
- an initiative designed and implemented by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that provides a vision for achieving improved health for all
Americans. Developed through a national process, Healthy People 2010 identifies a set of 10- year health objectives to achieve during the first decade of the 21st century. It has two overarching goals – 1. to increase quality and years of healthy life for all Americans and 2. to eliminate health disparities among specific groups, including racial and ethnic minorities. |
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Term
| Name and explain the eight factors that contribute to health disparities across racial and ethnic groups |
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Definition
1) Socioeconomic factors (Measure by education and income, but when it comes to wealth there is a huge disparity/ but SES does NOT explain everything)
2) Cost of Insurance and access to Preventive Health Care Services (determined by our ability to pay/ only the US and South Africa are only two industrial countries that have Health Care based on who can pay and who can’t/ what happens is that since some don’t get these routine check- ups it results in huge crises that make people have to pay huge amount for surgeries or getting there teeth pulled)
3) Availability of Health Care Personnel and Facilities (Low number of minority Doctors who go back into communities to serve, low enrollment in medical schools)
4) Negative Historical Experiences with Health Care System (399 Men, Black, from Alabama, Doctors decided to take advantage of the Men to see the outcomes and symptoms of syphilis, and when they died to do an autopsy on them and all the doctors told them is that they had “bad blood” because these men were illiterate)
5) Social Environment (Minorities more likely to be in unjust environmental situations, like schools, neighborhoods, pollution, lead based paint, violence in neighborhoods)
6) Lack of Knowledge and Individual Behaviors/ Lifestyle (If parents never had insurance, then as a child, one would never see the importance of having it, sometimes unprotected sex, the way diseases travel, being naive because you’re lack of opportunity)
7) Racism and Discrimination (Psychological and physical)
8) Language and Cultural Barriers (Non- English speaking individuals have a really hard time accessing health care in the first place, along with cultural barriers and working around Eurocentric ideals) |
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Term
| What was the most potent variable in predicting where hazardous facilities would be located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the environmental justice framework and the three characteristics of it |
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Definition
- This framework, which was developed as part of the environmental justice movement, seeks to prevent environmental threats and harm before they occur. Some general characteristics of the framework include: 1. The environmental justice
framework incorporates the principle of the “right” of all individuals to be protected from environmental degradation. 2. The environmental justice framework adopts a public health
model of prevention (elimination of the threat before harm occurs; e.g., prevention rather than treatment) as the preferred strategy. 3. The environmental justice framework shifts the burden of
proof to polluters/dischargers who do harm, discriminate, or who do not give equal protection to racial and ethnic minorities and other “protected” classes. 4. The environmental justice
framework would allow disparate impact and statistical weight, as opposed to “intent,” to infer discrimination. 5. The environmental justice framework redresses disproportionate impact
through “targeted” action and resources |
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Term
| Explain the Dominant Environmental Protection Paradigm and it's 10 practices |
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Definition
- the dominant environmental protection paradigm reinforces instead of challenges the stratification of people, place, and work. As a result, the current system has: 1. institutionalized unequal enforcement; 2. traded human health for profit; 3. placed the burden of proof on the “victims” and not the polluting industry; 4. legitimated human exposure to harmful chemicals, pesticides, and hazardous substances; 5. promoted “risky” technologies such as incinerators; 6. exploited the
vulnerability of economically and politically disenfranchised communities; 7. subsidized ecological destruction; 8. created an industry around risk assessment; 9. delayed cleanuand 10. failed to develop pollution prevention as the overarching and dominant strategy |
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Term
| What are three negative effects for individuals and families who live in "contaminated communities" |
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Definition
- For example, African American and Latino children are much more
likely to suffer from asthma (living conditions). African American children are much more likely to suffer from lead poisoning (because of homes where they live and schools they attend). There is also a statistic in the article about the number of babies along the US/Mexico border born without brains because of toxic chemicals. Stress is another health effect - resulting from the difficulty of living in these communities |
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Term
| Identify five of the possible reasons for why there has been such a significant shift in attitudes toward interracial marriage in the United State |
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Definition
1) End of Anti- Miscegenation Laws (Race- Mixing)
o Whites not with Asians, Blacks, Native Americans
o Felony offense with fine or jail time
o Loving versus Virginia ruling said that anti- miscegenation laws
2) End of Legalized Segregation in the United States
3) Increasing Population Diversity
4) Changing Social Norms
5) Changing Media Representations |
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Term
| Even though the number of interracial marriages has increased over recent decades, rates of interracial marriage in the U.S. are still relatively low. What are four factors that might help explain these low rates of interracial marriage? |
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Definition
1) Historical Trends (Stereotypes and Prejudice)
2) De Facto Segregation
3) Gaps in Wealth, Income, and Education
4) Racial Border Patrolling |
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Term
| Offer three reasons why some Whites engage in the practice of border patrolling and three reasons why minorities engage in border patrolling and offer some examples of how they do it (5) |
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Definition
Whites- three reasons:
1) Maintain established racial hierarchy
2) Maintain social and economic advantages
3) Maintain sense of racial superiority
- Concern for well- being of the couple (Fits under whites and minorities)
Minority Group Members:
1) Threaten group unity
2) Loss of identity/ culture
3) Inappropriate to Marry “Oppressor”
How do groups border patrol?
- Derogatory “Jokes” and ethnic slurs
- Overt Hostility from strangers
- Threat of being disowned/ rejected by family
- Loss of friendships, jobs, and colleagues
- Border patrollers draw on myths about interracial marriage |
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Term
| Define Affirmitive Action and the three primary goals |
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Definition
- involves efforts to recruit racial and ethnic minorities and women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
- (Quota systems)
Goals of Affirmative Action:
1) Address Historical and Contemporary Discrimination
2) Reduce Institutional Discrimination
3) Promote Equal Opportunity |
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Term
| Describe the three explanations of proponents of Affirmitive action and the three explanations of opponents of Affirmitive action |
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Definition
Proponents of Affirmative Action: (In Favor)
1) Correct the effects of discrimination
2) Increase female and minority representation in education and work
3) Increase economic opportunities
Opponents of Affirmative Action (Oppose)
1) Represents a form of reverse discrimination
2) U.S. will never become a truly color-blind society
3) Promotes negative stereotypes and aggravates racial tensions |
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Term
| Name and describe the "Ten Truths About Interracial Marriage" |
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Definition
1. The civil rights movement and subsequent patterns of racial desegregation created opportunities for people to interact in meaningful ways, which has resulted in an increased rate of interracial marriage.
2. In the past 25 years, women’s decreased financial dependence on their families has given them freedom to choose mates regardless of family approval.
3. Love, shared vision, and common values compel an interracial couple to marry, just as they do other couples.
4. The motives behind interracial marriage seldom include the desire to rebel or to make a political or social statement.
5. Families that reject an interracial marriage value the reproduction of their race over love, integrity, and commitment.
6. In order to live in an affirming emotional climate, an interracial couple may have to replace estranged blood kin with a fictive family of friends.
7. Conflicts within interracial marriages are more likely to arise from cultural, gender, class, social, and personal differences than from racial ones.
8. Irreconcilable differences within interracial marriages are similar to those within same- race marriages: loss of respect, unwillingness to compromise, hurtful actions, lack of responsibility, dishonesty, and conflicting values.
9. The rate of divorce for interracial marriages is only slightly higher than for same-race couples in the continental United States; the gap is quickly closing as divorce rates rise
for all marriages.
10. Interracial couples can and do produce healthy, well-adjusted children. |
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Term
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Definition
| - change in the nature (attitudes, values, beliefs), social relations and or social institutions of a community or society |
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Term
| How does change occur? (6) |
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Definition
1) Evolutionary Shifts (at the social level/ racism historically serves as a function and as soon as it starts to become not function it will slowly not exist)
2) Conflict (Conflict over scarce resources- legal protection, food, shelter, housing, jobs, education…/ and conflict is what promotes change/ but say that sometimes people who are in power are going to fight to keep that power and that promotes negative change/ not sure it is always progressive or negative but always a cyclical struggle)
3) Social Movements (organized efforts of normal people to either promote or resist change/ they mobilize people/ serve to focus attention on ongoing problems and issues of today)
4) Legislation
5) Education (people being self aware/ ending children either being born into ignorance or oppression, those should not be the only two options)
6) Socialization |
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Term
| How many Americans self- identified as multiracial? |
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Definition
| - 6.8 Million Self- identified Multiracial Americans |
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Term
| Name the three reasons why scholars say that we will continue to see a growth in a multiracial population |
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Definition
1) Increased and More Diverse Immigration Trends
2) Increased Number of Interracial Relationships and Marriages
3) Ability and Willingness to Report Multiracial Heritage |
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Term
| Name the to things that Gallagher contends that you can do to improve race relations |
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Definition
1) Talk to Your Family
2) Avoid Sterotypical Language
3) Racism Isn't Funny
4) Be Introspective
5) Be a Good Citizen- Vote
6) TV, Rap, Rock: Appeals to the Lowest Common Denominator
7) Learn Your Family's History
8) Teach through Example
9) Step Out of Your Comfort Zone
10) Know Thyself |
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