Shared Flashcard Set

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Constructions reading ch. 3
chapter 3 vocal/review questions
112
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
04/08/2012

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
bark
Definition
dead protective layer on trunk of tree
Term
cambium
Definition
thin layer inside of bark which creates new bark cells to the outside and new wood cells to the inside
Term
sapwood
Definition

thick layer of living wood cells inside cambium

-distributes sap upward

Term
heartwood
Definition
darker, inner edge of sapwood made of dead cells
Term
pith
Definition
zone at the center of heartwood made of weak wood cells from first year of tree's growth
Term
cellulose
Definition
structure material of wood cells
Term
lignin
Definition
soft binding material of wood cells
Term
grain
Definition
direction of the long axes of wood cells
Term
softwood
Definition

wood from coniferous trees

-simpler microstructure made mostly of large tracheids and small number of rays

Term
hardwood
Definition

wood from broadleaf trees

-more complex in structure

-larger percentage of rays

-fibers and pores transport sap

Term
certified wood
Definition
wood from forests managed for long term ecological sustainability and economic viability
Term
reclaimed lumber
Definition
recycled wood from framing of demolished buildings
Term
lumber
Definition
lengths of squared wood for use in construction
Term

plainsawn

(flatsawn)

Definition

 wood dividing method that produces maximum yield

-tends to warp during seasoning, vary in surface appearance, erode quicker

-structural use

Term

quartersawn

(rift or edge sawn)

Definition

sawing method that produces edge grain but with more waste of slab(more $)

-growth rings perpendicular to wider face of board

-withstands moisture, weathering, paint

-flooring, trim, furniture

Term
free water
Definition
first water to leave wood after it is cut
Term
bound water
Definition
water residing within cellulose of cell walls after wood is cut
Term
seasoned
Definition
moisture content of wood is less than 19% (framing lumber 15%)
Term
equilibrium moisture content
Definition

EMC

moisture content of wood expected in the completed, conditioned building

Term
green lumber
Definition
unseasoned lumber
Term
kiln drying
Definition
controlled temp. and humidity conditions applied to dry wood
Term
longitudinal shrinkage
Definition
moisture shrinkage along the length of the log
Term
radial shrinkage
Definition

shrinkage in the radial direction

-larger than longitudinal

Term
tangential shrinkage
Definition

shrinkage around the circumference of the log

-greater than radial and longitudinal

Term
growth characteristics
Definition

discontinuities in structure from tree itself

-knots(branch joins tree trunk)

-knotholes(loose knots dropping out of wood)

-decay

-insect damage

Term
manufacturing characteristics
Definition

discontinuities in lumber caused at the mill

-difference in shrinkage

-different grain orientation

Term
splits and checks
Definition
caused by shrinkage stresses
Term
nonuniform shrinkage effects
Definition

crooking

bowing

cupping

Term
wane
Definition
irregular rounding of edges or faces due to sawing too close to log's perimeter
Term
nominal dimensions
Definition

lumber sizes given in US

-different from actual size due to sawing, seasoning, surfacing

-2x10 becomes 1.5x9.25

Term
boards
Definition
pieces of lumber less than 2 inches in nominal thickness
Term
dimension lumber
Definition
pieces ranging form 2 to 4 inches in nominal thickness
Term
timbers
Definition
5 inches or more nominally
Term
board foot
Definition
solid volume of 12 square inches in nominal cross sectional area and 1 foot long
Term

glue laminated wood

(glulam)

Definition

joining many smaller strips of wood together with glue

-used for size, shape, quality

 

Term
finger jointed or scarf jointed
Definition
method used to end jointed between individal pieces when laminating
Term
hybrid glulam beams
Definition
substitute composite laminated veneer lumber for the ususal solid wood top and bottom laminations in beam
Term
FRP reinforces glulams
Definition
thin strip of high strength fiber reinforced plastic between first and second laminations nearest the edge of the beam
Term

structural composite lumber

(engineered lumber)

Definition
substitutes for solid lumber made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue
Term

Laminated stand lumber (LSL)

and 

Oriented strand lumber (OSL)

Definition
shredded wood strands coated with adhesive, pressed into rectangular cross section, cured under heat and pressure
Term
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Definition
thin wood veneer sheets glued and laminated into thicker members
Term
Parallel strand lumber PSL
Definition
long thin strips of wood veneer glued and pressed with strips more uniformly parallel
Term
structural finger-jointed lumber
Definition
short lengths of lumber scrap are finger jointed and glued end to end into longer lengths
Term
wood plastic composite
Definition

wood fibers and plastics of various types, mixed with other ingredients which are then heated and pressed into a final form

-decking, railing, trim

Term
plastic lumber
Definition

lumber like products with a plastic content of 50% or more

-also recycled plastic lumber RPL

Term

structural grad plastic lumber

SGPL

Definition

at least as strong as conventional solid wood

-less stiff, more prone to long term creep under permanent loads

Term
load duration factor
Definition
maximum loads that the structure may carry are increased as the length of time these loads will be carried decreases
Term
plywood panels
Definition
thin layers of wood veneer glued together
Term
composite panels
Definition
two parallel face veneers bonded to a core of reconstituted wood fibers
Term
nonveneered panel types
Definition

-oriented strand board OSB

-Particle board

-fiberboard

Term

oriented strand board

OSB

waferboard

Definition
long shreds of wood compressed and glued into three to five layers
Term
particleboard
Definition

smaller particles than OSB

-underlayment panel

Term
fiberboard
Definition

fine grained board made from wood fibers and synthetic resin binders

-interior only

-MDF

Term
rotary sliced
Definition
logs soaked in hot water to soften wood then rotated in large lathe against stationary knife that peels off a continuous strip of veneer
Term

medium density overlay

or

high density overlay

plywood

Definition

plywood finished with resin overlay in one or both sides

Term
flitch
Definition
square blocks of wood sliced for interior paneling or cabinetry
like quartersawn lumber: tighter and more interesting grain than rotary sliced
Term
span rating
Definition

load tested

-permits use of many types of woods and panels whicle achieveing same structural purpose

Term
hardboard
Definition
thin dense panel made of highly compresseed wood fibers
Term
insulating fiberboard sheathing
Definition
low density panel (1/2-3/4 in thick) made of wood or vegetable fibers and binders, coated with asphault for water resistance
Term
cellulosic fiberboard
Definition

made from finely recycled paper waste

-wall sheathing, acoustical isolation, carpet underlay

Term
hardwood plywood
Definition
use in cabinetry and interior finish carpentry
Term

Fire-retardant treatment

FRT

Definition
lumber impregnanted under pressure with chemical salts that reduce combustibility
Term
preservative treated wood
Definition
used where decay or insect resistance is required
Term
creosote
Definition

oily derivative of coal widely used to treat wood in engineering structures

-high odor and toxicity, unpaintable

Term
pressure-treated wood
Definition
preservative treated and fire retardant
Term

chromated copper arsenate

CCA

Definition

waterborne salt wood preservative

-toxicity, phased out of residential and commercial building

Term

Alkaline copper quat

ACQ

and

Copper Boron azoles

CBA

Definition
copper based wood preservatives
Term

Sodium Borate

SBX

Definition

borate compunds, least toxic

-above ground only

Term
pressure impregnation
Definition
drives preservative chemicals deep into fibers of wood
Term
incising
Definition
small cuts made in woods' surface to improve absorption
Term
Use Category System
Definition
higher category numbers correspond to mroe intensive preservative treatment and suitability for more severe exposure
Term
nail
Definition
sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with hammer or nail gun
Term

common nail

and 

box nail

Definition
flat heads used for structural fastening in light frame construction
Term
finish nails
Definition

smaller in diameter, used to fasen finish woodwork

-less obtrusive

Term
pennies
Definition

unit used in the US to measure nails

-abbreviated "d."

Term
bright
Definition
nails made of plain, uncoated steel
Term
hot-dip galvanized
Definition
corrosion resistant nails
Term
three methods of fastening with nails
Definition

-face nailing

-end nailing

-toe nailing

Term
sinker nail
Definition
smaller diameter, coated with resin that acts as lubricant when nail is driven
Term
joist hanger nails
Definition
shorter than common nail
Term
collated nails
Definition
nails used in nail guns joined in linear arrays for swift loading
Term
screw
Definition
spiral threaded fasteners installed by turning action
Term
wood screws
Definition
require pilot hole, tightened with screwdriver
Term
self-drilling wood screws
Definition
don't require predrilledpilot holes, can use power drills
Term
lag screws
Definition

large screws for structural connections

-square or hexagon heads

Term
bolts
Definition

used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing

-fasten ledgers, beams, etc.

Term
washers
Definition
flat steel disks inserted under hean of bolts to distribute the compressive force across greater area of the wood
Term
split ring connector
Definition

used in conjunction with bolt and inserted in matching circular grooves in matting pieces of wood

-greater capacity by spreading the load across greater area

Term
toothed plates
Definition

used in factory produced lightweight roof and floor trusses

-metal splice plates, each with alrge number of built in nails

Term
joist hanger
Definition
most common metal plate device used for strengthening connections in wood framing
Term
phenol-formaldehyde
Definition
chemically stable exterior adhesive
Term
trusses
Definition
framework supporting roof, floor, etc.
Term
I-joists
Definition
manufactured wood I-shaped members used for framing of roofs and floors
Term
prefabrication
Definition
factory fabrication of dimension lumber and wood structural panels
Term
framed panels
Definition
sections of framing sheathed with a sheet of plywood or OSB
Term

structural insulated panel

SIP

Definition
panels joined with thick plastic foamcore
Term

Stressed skin panel

SSP

Definition
panels joined with dimension lumber framing
Term
panelized construction
Definition
whole sections of walls or floors framed and sheathed in factory
Term
manufactured home
Definition
built on its won, towable chassis
Term
modular home
Definition
designed to comply with building code in effect where home will be located, transported on flatbed semi
Term

review:

changes in moisture content and effects on dimension of lumber from time it is cut, processed, put into service in building

Definition

1. free water leaves-30% water left in tree

2.bound water leaves-shrinkage starts

3. seasoned to below 15-19% moisture

---air or kiln dried

---most shrinkage in diameter

4.wood reaches EMC

Term

review:

plainsawn vs. quartersawn lumer:

applications for each

Definition

plainsawn:

-maximum yield; tendency to warp

--structural uses

Quartersawn:

 

Term
discuss the changes in moisture content and the effects of these changes on a piece of lumber from the time the tree is cut, through its processing, and until it has been in service in a building for an entire year
Definition

.free water evaporates first, 30%left in tree

.bound water leaves, shrinkage starts

.seasoned to below 15-19%

.air or kiln dried

-shrinkage is greatest radially, can cause distortion

-once installed, it will react to atmospheric conditions, expanding and shrinking based on humidity

Term
What are the differences between plainsawn and quartersawn lumber? What applications are appropriate for each
Definition

plainsawn: -max number of pieces

-tendency to warp    -varied grain patterns

.structural uses

 

quartersawn:  -more stable    -resists shrinkage

-resists warp   -better paint surface   -less splitting

.flooring, paint

Term

give the actual cross sectional dimensions of the following pieces of kiln dried lumber:

1x4

2x4

2x6

2x8

4x4

4x12

Definition

3/4 x 3 1/2

1 1/2 x 3 1/2

1 1/2 x 5 1/2

1 1/2 x 7 1/4

3 1/2 x 3 1/2

3 1/2 x 11 1/4

*1-6= 1/2" off

6 ^= 3/4" off 

Term
why is wood laminated? what types of wood products make use of lamination?
Definition

why: wood is laminated to achieve desired size, shape, quality that would otherwise be impossible; more efficient

 

products: glue laminated wood, structural composite lumber, wood plastic composites

Term
what are the advantages of using structural composite lumber in comparison to solid wood?
Definition

.more versatile & available

.increased strength

.no defects

Term
what is meant by a span rating of 32/16? what types of wood products are rated this way?
Definition

32 is the allowable span in inches between centers of rafters when used in roof sheathing

16 is the allowable span when used as subflooring

 

products: plywood, composite, OSB, any wood species

Term

name the most appropriate plywood veneer grade for each of the following applications:

a. the outer face of a wall or roof sheathing panel

b. subflooring to receive a wood finish flooring

c. underlayment to receive a thin, resilient vinyl floor covering

d. plywood to receive a paint finish in an application demanding the highest quality finish

Definition

a. C or D

b. B

c. C

d. A

Term
for what reasons might you specify preservative treated wood? what alternative materials may be used where preservative treated wood is normally required?
Definition

reasons: places where decay or insect resistance is needed(termites), marine docks, fences

 

alternatives: redwood, cedar heartwood

Term
which common species of wood have naturally decay and insect resistant  heartwood?
Definition
redwood, cedar, black locust, black walnut
Term
why are nails the fasteners of choice in wood construction?
Definition
inexpensive and versatile, no drilling, least amount of wood removed
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