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Construction Terms
Key Terms
408
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
04/05/2012

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Term
Sustainability
Definition
Providing for the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their needs. Providing healthy, resource-conserving, energy-efficient buildings. "Green" building.
Term
Green Building
Definition
Sustainable building; energy-efficient building
Term
Cradle-to-Grave
Definition
Sustainability must be addressed on a life-cycle basis, from the origins of the materials for a building, through the manufacture and installations of these materials and their useful lifetime in the building, to their eventual disposal when the building's life is ended
Term
Embodied Energy
Definition
The total life cycle energy expended in extraction of raw materials, processing, fabrication, and transportation of material or product to its point of use in a building; in some calculations, may also include energy required to dispose of or recycle the material
Term
LEED
Definition
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design; rating system
Term
LEED credit
Definition
Within each category, points toward a building's overall assessment of sustainability
Term
Green Globes
Definition
The Green Building Initiative
Term
Green Home Building Guidelines
Definition
National Association of Home Builders
Term
National Green Building Standard
Definition
International Code of Council and National Association of Home Builders' jointly developed
Term
Advanced Energy Design Guides
Definition
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers'
Term
Energy Star Program
Definition
Set goals for reductions in energy consumption in new buildings that exceed current national standards
Term
Net Zero Energy
Definition
A building that consumes no more energy than it produces, usually when measured on an annual basis to account for seasonal differences in building energy consumption and on-site energy production
Term
Carbon-neutral
Definition
A building that causes no net increase in the emission of carbon dioxide, the most prevalent atmospheric greenhouse gas
Term
Carbon Offsetting
Definition
Funding of off-site activities that reduce global carbon emissions, such as planting trees
Term
Zoning Ordinance
Definition
Governing the types of activities that may take place on a given piece of land, how much land can be covered by buildings, how far buildings must be set back from adjacent property lines, how many parking spaces must be provided, how large a total floor area may be constructed, and how tall the buildings may be
Term
Building Code
Definition
Local governments regulate building activity; protect public health and safety by setting minimum standards for construction quality, structural integrity, durability, livability, accessibility, and fire safety
Term
Model Building Code
Definition
Standardized codes that local jurisdictions may adopt for their own use as an alternative to writing their own
Term
National Building Code of Canada
Definition
Published by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes; the basis for most of that country's provincial and municipal building codes.
Term
International Building Code (IBC)
Definition
The predominant model code; published by International Code Council; first unified model building code in U.S. history
Term
Occupancy Groups
Definition
Building-code-related information; distinguish various degrees of need for safety in buildings
Term
Construction Types
Definition
List of Type I construction; Top: highly fire-resistant, noncombustible materials. Bottom (V): combustible wood framing
Term
Fire Resistance Rating
Definition
Measure in hours, for various parts of our proposed office roofs above
Term
Nonbearing Walls or Partitions
Definition
Carry no load from above, listed in third line, gives fire resistance rating requirements for exterior walls of a building based on their proximity to adjacent buildings
Term
Heavy Timber Construction
Definition
Large wooden members that are relatively slow to catch fire and burn
Term
Trade Associations
Definition
Tabulated fire resistance ratings for common building materials and assemblies
Term
International Residential Code (IRC)
Definition
A simplified model code specifically addressing the construction of detached one- and two-family homes and townhouses of limited size
Term
Americans with Disabilities (ADA)
Definition
Makes accessibility to public buildings a civil right of all Americans
Term
Fair Housing Act
Definition
Makes accessibility to multifamily housing a civil right of all Americans
Term
Access Standards
Definition
Regulate the design of entrances, stairs, doorways, elevators, toilet facilities, public areas, living spaces, and other parts of affected buildings to ensure that they are accessible and usable by physically handicapped members of the population
Term
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Definition
Controls the design of workplaces to minimize hazards to the health and safety or workers
Term
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Definition
Limitations on the amount that building products can release into the atmosphere
Term
ASTM International
Definition
A private organization that establishes specifications for materials and methods of construction accepted as standards throughout the U.S.
Term
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Definition
A privatve organization that develops and certifies North American standards for a broad range of products
Term
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)
Definition
U.S. Department of Commerce; sponsor research and establish standards for building products and systems
Term
Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC)
Definition
National Research Council Canada; sponsor research and establish standards for building products and systems
Term
Trade Association
Definition
Producers of lumber and wood products
Term
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Definition
"Masterformat" for organizing information about construction materials and systems
Term
Construction Specifications Canada (CSC)
Definition
"Masterformat" for organizing information about construction materials and systems
Term
Specification Divisions
Definition
Cover the broadest possible range of construction materials and buildings systems
Term
Specifications Sections
Definition
Broadly defined divisions further divided, each describing a discrete scope of work usually provided by a single construction trade or subcontractor
Term
Uniformat and OmmiClass
Definition
Two organizational systems that offer a range of alternative organizational schemes suitable to other phases of the building life cycle and other aspects of building functionality
Term
Design/Bid/Build
Definition
The owner first hires a team of architects and engineers to perform design services, leading to the creation of drawings and technical specifications
Term
Construction Documents
Definition
Collectively design/bid/build; comprehensively describe the facility to be built
Term
General Contractor
Definition
Coordinating and overseeing the overall construction process but frequently relying on smaller more specialized subcontractors
Term
Subcontractors
Definition
Perform significant portions or even all of the construction work
Term
Design/Build
Definition
One entity ultimately assumes responsibility for both design and construction; begins with owner developing a conceptual design or program that describes the functional or performance requirements of the proposed facility but does not detail its form or how it is to be constructed
Term
Construction Manager
Definition
Participates in the project prior to the onset of construction, introducing construction expertise during the design stage
Term
Turnkey Construction
Definition
An owner contracts with a single entity that provides not only design and construction services, but financing for the project as well
Term
Single-purpose Entity
Definition
The owner, architect, and contractor are all joint members
Term
Fixed Fee or Lump Sum
Definition
The contractor or other construction entity is paid a fixed dollar amount to complete the construction of a project regardless of that entity's actual costs
Term
Cost Plus a Fee
Definition
The owner agrees to pay construction entity for the actual costs of construction
Term
Sequential Construction
Definition
Each major phrase in the design and construction of a building is completed before the next phase begins
Term
Phased Construction (Fast Track Construction)
Definition
Aims to reduce the time required to complete a project by overlapping the design and construction of various project parts
Term
Gantt Chart
Definition
A series of horizontal bars represent the duration of various tasks or groups of tasks that make up the project
Term
Critical Path
Definition
The sequence of tasks that determines the least amount of time in which a project can be completed
Term
Critical Path Method
Definition
A technique for analyzing collections of task and optimizing the project schedule to minimize the duration and cost of a project
Term
Teaming, Concurrent Design, Integrated Practice, Alliancing
Definition
Combine efficient project delivery methods with innovations in team member relationships in a variety of ways, with the aim of aligning all parties' efforts with the shared goal of a finished product of the highest possible quality and value to the owner
Term
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Definition
The computerized, three-dimensional modeling of building systems
Term
Computer-aided Design (CAD)
Definition
Two-dimensional representation of building system characteristics
Term
Bark
Definition
The trunk of a tree covering; inside is a layer of living bark composed of hollow longitudinal cells that conduct nutrients from the leaves to the roots and other living parts
Term
Cambium
Definition
Very thin layer; creates new bark cells toward the outside of the trunk and new wood cells toward the inside
Term
Sapwood
Definition
The thick layer of living wood cells inside the cambium
Term
Heartwood
Definition
The inner edge of this zone where sapwood dies progressively
Term
Pith
Definition
A small weak zone of weak wood cells that were the first year's growth
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Structural component of cells
Term
Lingrin
Definition
The substance that binds together cellulose; softer cementing substance
Term
Grain
Definition
The direction of the long axes of the cells
Term
Springwood/earlywood
Definition
Larger and less dense in wood
Term
Summerwood/latewood
Definition
Smaller and more dense wood
Term
Softwoods
Definition
Wood from coniferous wood
Term
Hardwoods
Definition
Wood from broadleaf trees
Term
Tracheids
Definition
Large longitudinal cells in softwoods
Term
Rays
Definition
Small percentage of radial cells in softwoods; function is the storage and radial transfer of nutrients in softwoods
Term
Fibers
Definition
Longitudinal cells; small diameter
Term
Vessels/pores
Definition
Transport the sap of the tree
Term
Certified Wood
Definition
Wood from forests that are managed for their long-term ecological sustainability and economic viability
Term
Lumber
Definition
Lengths of squared wood for use in construction
Term
Headsaw
Definition
Circular saw or bandsaw; reduce the log to untrimmed slabs of lumber
Term
Sawyer
Definition
How to obtain the maximum marketable wood from each log and uses hydraulic machinery to rotate and advance the log in order to achieve the required succession of cuts
Term
Plainsaw (flatsawn)
Definition
A method of dividing the log that produces the maximum yield of useful pieces and therefore the greatest economy
Term
Flat-grain
Definition
Lumber characterized by a tendency to wrap or distort during seasoning, to vary in surface appearance, and to erode relatively quickly and unevenly when used in applications such as floors and exterior siding
Term
Quartersawn, riftsawn, edge-sawn
Definition
Flat-grain tendencies
Term
Edge-grain/vertical grain
Definition
Lumber in which annual growth rings run more consistently perpendicular to the pieces' wider faces; tend to remain flat despite changes in moisture content
Term
Free Water
Definition
After the tree is cut, water that starts to evaporate; the first to leave the wood; held in the cavities of the cells
Term
Bound Water
Definition
Held within the cellulose of the cell walls
Term
Seasoned
Definition
When lumber's moisture content of 15 percent, labeled "MC 15"
Term
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
Definition
The moisture content at which it is expected to arrive in the completed, conditioned building
Term
Green Wood
Definition
Unseasoned; weaker, heavier, less stable than seasoned
Term
Kiln Drying
Definition
More economical than air drying; faster, fewer distortions and more uniform quality
Term
Longitudinal Shrinkage
Definition
Moisture Shrinkage along the length of the log
Term
Radial Shrinkage
Definition
Shrinkage in radial direction
Term
Tangential Shrinkage
Definition
Shrinkage around the circumference
Term
Surfaced
Definition
Lumber made smoother and more dimensionally precise
Term
Unsurfaced
Definition
Rough; available commercially and is used for many purposes
Term
Surfaced Four Sides (S4S)
Definition
Surfaced on all four sides
Term
Surfaced Two Sides (S2S)
Definition
Often hardwoods, leaving two edges to be finished by the craftsman
Term
S-DRY
Definition
Indicates that the piece of lumber was surfaced (planed) when in seasoned (dry) condition
Term
S-GRN
Definition
Planed when green
Term
Growth Characteristics
Definition
One or more discontinuities in its structure
Term
Manufacturing Characteristics
Definition
One or more discontinuities created at the mill
Term
Knots
Definition
Places where branches joined the trunk of the tree
Term
Knotholes
Definition
Holes left by loose knots dropping out of the wood
Term
Decay/Insect Damage
Definition
May or may not affect the useful properties of the piece of lumber depending on whether the organisms are still alive in the wood and the extent of the damage
Term
Splits/Checks
Definition
Shrinkage stresses
Term
Crooking, bowing, twisting, cupping
Definition
Nonuniform shrinkage (4 different types)
Term
Structural Grading
Definition
Higher the grade, higher the price; offers the architect and engineer the opportunity to build as economically as possible by using only as high grade as is required for a particular use
Term
Visual Grading
Definition
Trained inspectors examine each piece for ring density and for growth and manufacturing characteristics, then judge it and stamp it with a grade in accordance with industry-wide grading rules
Term
Machine Grading
Definition
An automatic device assesses the structural properties of the wood and stamps a grade automatically on the piece; flexing each piece between rollers and measuring its resistance to bending
Term
Machine Stress-rated
Definition
Resistance to bending
Term
Appearance grading
Definition
Done visually
Term
Nominal Dimensions
Definition
In inches, "one by two" 1X2
Term
Actual Dimensions
Definition
Written with inch marks; 3/4" (19mm)
Term
Boards
Definition
Pieces of lumber less than 2 inches in nominal thickness
Term
Dimension Lumber
Definition
Pieces ranging from 2 to 4 inches in nominal thickness
Term
Timbers
Definition
Pieces nominally 5 inches and more in thickness
Term
Board Foot
Definition
How lumber is priced in the United States; nominal dimensions, not actual; defined as a solid volume 12 square inches in nominal cross-sectional area and 1 foot long
Term
Glue-laminated Wood (Glulam)
Definition
Large structural members are often produced by joining many smaller strips of wood together with glue
Term
Finger Jointed/ Scarf Jointed
Definition
End joints between individual pieces; allow glue to transmit tensile and compressive forces longitudinally from one piece to the next within a lamination
Term
Hybrid Glulam
Definition
Substitute composite laminated veneer lumber for the usual solid wood top and bottom laminations in the beam
Term
FRP Reinforced Glulam
Definition
Structural capacity is increased by gluing a thin strip of high-strength Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
Term
Structural Composite Lumber (Engineered Lumber)
Definition
Products are substitutes for solid lumber made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue
Term
Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) and Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL)
Definition
Made from shredded wood strands, coated with adhesive, pressed into a rectangular cross section, and cured under heat and pressure (the wood strands used in the manufacture of LSL are longer than those used in OSL)
Term
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
Definition
Made from thin wood veneer sheets, as wide as the member is deep, that are glued and laminated into thicker members
Term
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
Definition
Made from long, thin strips of wood veneer glued and pressed in a process similiar to that for LSL and OSL, but with the veneer strips arranged more uniformly parallel than the strands in those other products
Term
Structural Finger-jointed Lumber
Definition
Short lengths of solid lumber scrap are finger-jointed and glued end-to-end into longer lengths
Term
Wood-plastic Composite (WPCs)
Definition
Products are made from wood fibers and plastics of various types, mixed with other ingredients which are then heated and pressed, extruded, or injection-molded into final form
Term
Composite Wood Trim
Definition
Blends of plastic and wood
Term
Plastic Lumber/Recyle Plastic Lumber (RPL)
Definition
Lumberlike products with a plastic content of 50% or more
Term
Structural-grade Plastic Lumber
Definition
Most commonly made from high-denisty polyethylene reinforced with glass fibers, can be formulated to be at least as strong as conventional solid wood, though less stiff and more prone to long-term creep under permanent loads
Term
Structural Wood Panel
Definition
Products that fall into 3 categories: plywood, veneer, composite panels
Term
Plywood
Definition
Made up of thin layers of wood veneer glue together; odd number of layers
Term
Composite Panels
Definition
Two parallel face veneers bonded to a core of reconstituted wood fibers
Term
Nonveneered
Definition
OSB, Particleboard, Fiberboard
Term
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Definition
Made of long strands of wood compressed and glued into three to five layers
Term
Waferboard
Definition
Panel made of large flakes of wood that has been largely replaced by OSB
Term
Particleboard
Definition
Made up of smaller wood particles than OSB or waferboard that are compressed and bonded into panels
Term
Fiberboard
Definition
Very fine-grained board made of wood fibers and synthetic resin binders intended for interior uses only
Term
Medium-density Fiberboard (MDF)
Definition
Fiberboard; MDO is plywood panels
Term
Rotary Sliced
Definition
Logs are soaked in hot water to soften the wood
Term
Touch Sanded
Definition
To produce a flatter, smoother surface surface without significantly reducing their structural performance
Term
Medium-density Overlay (MDO)/High-density Overlay (HDO)
Definition
Plywood finished with a resin-treated overlay on one or both sides
Term
Flitches
Definition
Veneers for hardwood plywoods intended for interior paneling and cabinetwork are usually sliced from square blocks of wood
Term
Flitch-sliced Veneers
Definition
Analogous to quartersawn lumber; much tighter and more interesting grain figure than rotary-sliced
Term
Span Rating
Definition
Determined by lab load testing and is given on the gradestamp on the back of the panel
Term
Exposure Durability Classification
Definition
Structural wood panels: Exterior, Exposure 1, and Exposure 2
Term
Handboard
Definition
A thin, dense panel made of highly compressed wood fibers; residential siding and roofing
Term
Insulating Fiberboard Sheathing
Definition
Low-density panel, usually 1/2 or 3/4 inch thick, made of wood or vegetable fibers and binders, and coated with asphalt for water resistance
Term
Cellulosic Fiberboard
Definition
Panels made from finely processed recycled paper waste and are used for wall sheathing, acoustical isolation, carpet underlayment, and even structural roof decking
Term
Hardwood Plywood
Definition
Panels made from birch, maple, poplar, or alder veneers, are popular for use in cabinetry and other interior finish carpentry
Term
Fire-retardant Treatment (FRT)
Definition
Accomplished by placing lumber in a vessel and impregnating it under pressure with certain chemical salts that greatly reduce its combustibility
Term
Preservative-treated Wood
Definition
Where decay or insect resistance is required that is exposed to moisture in outdoor structures or that is used in areas of high termite risk
Term
Creosote
Definition
Oily derivative of coal that is widely used to treat wood in engineering structures
Term
Pentachlorophenol
Definition
Impregnated as an oil solution, wood treated with it cannot be painted
Term
Pressure-treated Wood
Definition
This latter term refers to fire-retardent and preservative treatments
Term
Chromate Copper Arsenate (CCA)
Definition
Imparts greenish tint; toxic not commonly used
Term
Alkanline Copper Quat (ACQ) and Copper Boron Azoles (CBA and CA)
Definition
Compounds that rely primarily on high concentrations of copper for their preservative properties
Term
Sodium Borate (SBX)
Definition
Only be used above ground in applications; least toxic to humans
Term
Pressure Impregnation
Definition
Drives the preservative chemicals deeply into the fibers of the wood
Term
Incising
Definition
Improve absorption, some wood species are punctured with an array of small cuts in the wood's surface
Term
Kiln-dried After Treatment
Definition
Lighter, more stable, and a better choice for finish work or where appearance is important
Term
Use Category System
Definition
Higher numbers correspond to more intensive preservative treatment and stability for more severe exposures
Term
Wood Handbook
Definition
A comprehensive listing of wood species and their relative decay-resistence
Term
Nails
Definition
Sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or a mechanical nail gun
Term
Common Nails
Definition
More slender nails
Term
Box Nails
Definition
Flat heads and are used for most structural fastening in light frame construction
Term
Finish Nails
Definition
Even smaller in diameter and are used to fasten finish woodwork, where they are less obtrusive than common nails
Term
Pennies
Definition
Abbreviated "d;" in the United States; the size of a nail
Term
Bright
Definition
Made of plain, uncoated steel
Term
Hot-dip Galvanized
Definition
Nails exposed to the weather should be of a corrosion-resistent type
Term
Face Nailing
Definition
Horizontal nail against grain
Term
End Nail
Definition
Nailing through two pieces of wood; one against grain, other with grain
Term
Toe Nail
Definition
Diagonal nailing like end nail
Term
Sinkers and Coolers
Definition
Nails made of more slender wire; a bit shorter than a 10d common nail
Term
Joist Hanger Nails
Definition
Same diameter as the equivalent common nail, but shorter
Term
Collated Nails
Definition
Nails jointed in linear arrays for swift loading into the magazine of the nail gun
Term
Staples
Definition
Various types of U-shaped, gun-driven _____ used in construction
Term
Wood Screws
Definition
Required predrilled pilot holes into which the screw is interested and then tightened with a screwdriver
Term
Self-drilling Wood Screws
Definition
Do not require predrilled pilot holes and can be installed more quickly with power screwdrivers
Term
Lag Screws
Definition
Large screws for heavy structural connections
Term
Drywall Screws
Definition
Relatively slender and brittle screws, not suitable for structural applications
Term
Bolts
Definition
Mainly used for structural connections in heavy timber framing and in wood light framing for fastening ledgers, beams, or other heavy applications
Term
Washers
Definition
Inserted under the heads and nuts of bolts to distribute the compressive force from the bolt across a greater area of wood
Term
Split-ring Connector
Definition
Used in conjunction with a bolt and is inserted in matching circular grooves in the mating pieces of wood
Term
Toothed Plates
Definition
Used in factory-produced lightweight roof and floor trusses, inserted into wood with hydraulic presses, pneumatic presses, or mechanical rollers and act as metal splice plates, each with a very large number of built-in nails
Term
Joist Hanger
Definition
Plate devices manufactured for strengthening common connections in wood framing
Term
Phenol-formaldehyde
Definition
A more chemically stable exterior adhesive
Term
Truss
Definition
For both roof and floor construction small, highly efficient plants in every part of North America
Term
I-joists
Definition
Used for framing of both roofs and floor
Term
Prefabrication
Definition
Dimension lumber and wood structural panels lend themselves readily to many forms
Term
Framed Panels
Definition
Sections of framing, usually 4 feet
Term
Structural Insulated Panel (SIP)
Definition
Sheets joined firmly together by either a stiff plastic foam core
Term
Stressed-skinned Panel (SSP)
Definition
Dimension lumber framing
Term
Panelized Construction
Definition
Whole sections of walls or floors are framed and sheathed in the factory, and then trucked to the construction site and rapidly installed
Term
Modular Home
Definition
Home located and is transported on a conventional flat-bed tractor trailer; not wider than 14 to 16 feet to allow for transportation
Term
Manufactured Home
Definition
Mobile home; is built on its own permanent, towable chassis and is designed to comply with a federal building code administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Term
Wood Light Frame Construction
Definition
Uniquely American building system; the closely spaced vertical members used to infill the walls of a heavy timber building frame were themselves sufficiently strong that the heavy posts of the frame could be eliminated
Term
Balloon Frame
Definition
Wood framing system to be constructed exclusively of slender, closely spaced wooden members
Term
Joists
Definition
The floors
Term
Studs
Definition
The walls
Term
Rafters
Definition
The sloping roofs
Term
Firestops
Definition
Brick on each floor line that block fire from spreading to the upper floors
Term
Platform Frame
Definition
Universal standard; loadbearing walls are erected, second-floor platform is built upon these walls and a second set of walls upon this platform, attic and roof are built upon the second set of walls
Term
Sheathing
Definition
A facing layer of boards or panels that join and stabilize the pieces into a single structural unit, ready for application of finish materials inside and out
Term
Headers/Rim Joints/ Band Joists
Definition
In a floor structure, the parallel pieces are the floor joists, and the crosspieces at the ends of the joists are called
Term
Subfloor
Definition
The sheathing on a floor
Term
Studs
Definition
In a wall structure, the parallel pieces
Term
Sole Plate/Bottom Plate
Definition
The crosspiece at the bottom of the wall
Term
Top Plate
Definition
The crosspiece at the top (which is doubled for strength if the wall bears a load from above)
Term
Ridge Board
Definition
In a sloping roof, the rafters are headed off by the top plates at the lower edge of the roof and this at the peak
Term
Trimmers
Definition
Usually must be double to support the higher loads placed on them by the presence of the opening
Term
Sills
Definition
In walls, ___ head off the bottoms of window and door openings, while trimmer studs on the sides provide support to loadbearing headers across the tops
Term
Wracking
Definition
Created by lateral forces such as wind
Term
Permanent Wood Foundations
Definition
Can be constructed in any weather by the same crew of carpenters that will frame the building; they are readily insulated in the same manner as the frame of the house they support; and they easily accommodate the installation of electrical wiring, plumbing, and interior finish materials
Term
Section Details
Definition
Are prepared for major connections in the building system
Term
Architectural Floor Plans
Definition
Serve to indicate the locations and dimensions of walls, partitions, and openings
Term
Exterior Elevations
Definition
Show the outside faces of the building with vertical dimensions or elevations indicated as required
Term
Building Sections
Definition
Cut completely through the building, showing the dimensional relationships of the various floor levels and roof planes and the slopes of the roof surfaces
Term
Interior Elevations
Definition
Prepared for kitchens, bathrooms, and other rooms with elaborate interior features
Term
Rough Carpentry
Definition
The erection of a typical platform frame
Term
Foundation Sill Plate
Definition
Made of preservative-treated wood for added resistance to insects and moisture, is bolted to the foundation as a base for wood framing
Term
Bridging
Definition
Consisting of solid blocking or wood or metal crossbracing inserted between joists at midspan or at intervals not exceeding 8 ft
Term
Blocking
Definition
To short lengths of lumber inserted between framing members for any of a variety of purposes, such as bracing, reinforcing, or providing solid backing where fasteners are required for attachment of finish materials or equipment
Term
Trimmer or Jack Studs
Definition
Headers rest on shortened studs
Term
King Studs
Definition
Trimmer/Jack Studs are nailed to full-height
Term
Rough Sill
Definition
The bottom of a window opening
Term
Cripple Studs
Definition
Rough sill is supported by
Term
Shear Wall
Definition
To resist lateral forces
Term
Hold-downs
Definition
To prevent the walls from pulling up off the foundation or floor platform
Term
Let-in Diagonals
Definition
Most panels that are nonstructural rely on ____ bracing
Term
Pitch
Definition
Slope; rise/run
Term
Framing Square
Definition
Two edges that lay out the rafter
Term
Hips and Valleys
Definition
Trigonometric complexity in rafter layout
Term
Pattern Rafter
Definition
The head carpenter lays out only one rafter of each type by these procedures; from which other carpenters trace and cut the remainder of the rafters
Term
Advanced Framing Technique (Optimum Value Engineering)
Definition
Special attention is given to minimizing the use of redundant or structurally unnecessary wood members, thereby reducing the amount of lumber required to construct the frame and, once the frame is insulated, increasing it thermal efficiency
Term
Roof Trusses
Definition
Used in platform frame buildings because of their speed of erection, economy of material usages and long spans
Term
Floor Trusses
Definition
Light platform frame; are erected with the aid of a small crane that often is attached to the truck on which the trusses are delivered
Term
Pattern Rafter
Definition
The head carpenter lays out only one rafter of each type by these procedures; from which other carpenters trace and cut the remainder of the rafters
Term
Advanced Framing Technique (Optimum Value Engineering)
Definition
Special attention is given to minimizing the use of redundant or structurally unnecessary wood members, thereby reducing the amount of lumber required to construct the frame and, once the frame is insulated, increasing it thermal efficiency
Term
Roof Trusses
Definition
Used in platform frame buildings because of their speed of erection, economy of material usages and long spans
Term
Floor Trusses
Definition
Light platform frame; are erected with the aid of a small crane that often is attached to the truck on which the trusses are delivered
Term
Mason
Definition
Stacks pieces of material
Term
Masonry Units
Definition
Bricks, stones, or concrete blocks
Term
Trowel
Definition
A thin, flat steel tool, either pointed or rectangular, provided with a handle and held in the hand, used to manipulate mastic, mortar, plaster, or concrete. Also, a machine whose rotating steel blades are used to finish concrete slabs
Term
Mortar
Definition
Serves to cushion the masonry units, giving them full bearing against one another despite their surface irregularities
Term
Cement-Lime Mortar
Definition
Made of portland cement, hydrated lime, and inert aggregate, and water
Term
Aggregate
Definition
Sand
Term
Slaked Lime, Hydrated Lime
Definition
The quicklime is then slaked by allowing it to absorb as much water as it will hold, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide
Term
Blended Hydraulic Cements
Definition
ASTM C595, blends of portland cement with other cementitous materials, such as blast furnace slag, that may be used in place of ordinary portland cement alone in the cement-lime mortar mix
Term
Masonry Cements
Definition
Proprietary formulations that may contain portland cement or blended hydraulic cements, lime, or other plasticizing ingredients and other additives
Term
Air-Entraining Admixtures
Definition
Masonry cement mortars are formulated with ____ that result in a higher air content in the cured mortar than cement-lime mortar
Term
Mortar Cements
Definition
Blends of portland cement, lime, and other additives
Term
Mortar Types
Definition
Four basic types that are distinguished primarily by differences in strength: Type N, S, O, M
Term
Proportion Specification
Definition
The quantities of ingredients used to prepare the mix are specified
Term
Property Specification
Definition
Comprehensive strength and other properties of the hardened mortar as determined by laboratory testing are defined
Term
Hydraulic Cements
Definition
Cements that cure by chemical reaction with water
Term
Lime Mortars
Definition
Made from a mix of lime
Term
Non-hydraulic Cement
Definition
Lime cement, unlike modern hydraulic cements
Term
Carbonation
Definition
Mortars with lime as the sole cementing ingredient cure through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Term
Hydration
Definition
How hydraulic cement mortars cure, not by drying
Term
Retemper
Definition
With water, to make the mortar workable again
Term
Extended-Life Admixture
Definition
Allows the mortar to be mixed in large batches and kept for as long as 72 hours before it must be discarded
Term
Bricks
Definition
Produced by a large number of relatively small, widely dispersed factories from a variety of local clays and shales
Term
Soft Mud Process
Definition
Relatively moist clay (20-30%) is pressed into simple rectangular molds, either by hand or with the aid of molding machines
Term
Water-struck bricks
Definition
Bricks with a relatively smooth, dense surface because the molds were dipped in water to prevent clay from sticking
Term
Dry-press Process
Definition
Used for clays that shrink excessively during drying
Term
Stiff Mud Process
Definition
Clay containing 12 to 15% water is passed through a vacuum to remove any pockets of air, then extruded through a rectangular die
Term
Firing/Burning
Definition
Stacking bricks in a loose array, called a clamp, covering the clamp with earth or clay, building a wood fire under the clamp, and maintaining the fire for a period of several days
Term
Clinker Bricks
Definition
Bricks adjacent to the fire; often overburned/ distorted
Term
Periodic Kiln
Definition
Fixed Structure that is loaded with bricks, fired, cooled, and unloaded
Term
Tunnel Kiln
Definition
Higher productivity; special railcars to emerge at the far end fully burned
Term
Water Smoking and Dehydration
Definition
The first stages of burning which drive off the remaining water from the clay
Term
Oxidation/Vitrification
Definition
The temperature rises to 1800 to 2400 degrees Fahrenheit and the clay is transformed into a ceramic material
Term
Flashing
Definition
The fire is regulated to create a reducing atmosphere in the kiln that develops color variations in the bricks
Term
Modular Brick
Definition
Dimensioned to construct walls in modules of 4 inches horizontally and 8 inches vertically
Term
Utility Brick
Definition
Has the same face height as a standard modular brick, but because it is longer, its in-the-wall cost per square foot is about 25% higher because of the higher proportion of mortar
Term
Facing Bricks
Definition
Intended for both structural and nonstructural uses where appearance is important
Term
Building Bricks
Definition
Used where appearance doesn't matter
Term
Solid Units
Definition
Facing bricks and building bricks
Term
Cored/Frogged
Definition
Circles, rectangular cut in brick, 75% solid
Term
Hollow Bricks
Definition
60% void in brick; used primarily to enable the insertion and grouting of steel reinforcing bars in single wythes of brickwork
Term
Paving Bricks (ASTM C902)
Definition
Used for paving of walks, drives, and patios and must conform to special requirements not only for freeze-thaw resistance, but water absorption and abrasion resistance as well
Term
Firebricks (ASTM C64)
Definition
Used for lining of fireplaces or furnaces
Term
Fireclay Mortar
Definition
Firebricks laid in very thin joints
Term
Brick Grade
Definition
Establishes minimum requirements for comprehensive strength and water absorption
Term
Brick Type
Definition
Defines limits on the variation in size, distortion in shape, and chippage (extent of physical damage to face or visible corners)
Term
Wythe
Definition
A vertical unit of masonry that is one masonry unit thick
Term
Stretcher Courses
Definition
A brick laid with its face parallel to the wall and its long dimension horizontal
Term
Headers
Definition
Used to bond wythes together into a structural unit
Term
Rowlock Courses
Definition
Used for caps on garden walls and for sloping sills under windows, although such caps and sills are not durable in severe climates
Term
Soldier Courses
Definition
For visual emphasis; bricks in such locations such as windows lintels or tops of walls; brick laid on its end with its face parallel to the wall
Term
Structural Bonds
Definition
Brickwork bonds
Term
Common Bond
Definition
Has header course every 6th course; head joints are aligned between the header and stretcher courses
Term
Flemish Bond
Definition
Alternates headers and stretchers in each course
Term
English Bond
Definition
Alternates courses of headers and stretchers
Term
Cavity Wall
Definition
On the exterior of buildings, single outside wythe
Term
Running Bond
Definition
Consists entirely of stretchers
Term
Leads
Definition
In masonry work, a corner or wall end accurately constructed with the aid of a spirit level to serve as a guide for placing the bricks in the remainder of the wall
Term
Story Pole
Definition
A strip of wood marked with the exact course heights of masonry for a particular building, used to make sure that all the leads are identical in height and coursing
Term
Line Blocks
Definition
L-shaped blocks at each end of a mason line to locate end of the line precisely at the top of each course of bricks
Term
Lay to the Line
Definition
The laying of infill bricks between the leads is much faster and easier because the mason needs only a trowel in one hand and a brick in the other
Term
Vee/Concave Joint
Definition
Joints that shed water and resist freeze thaw damage better than the others
Term
Raked/Stripped Joint
Definition
Indoors, can be used if desired to accentuate the pattern of bricks in the wall and deemphasize the mortar
Term
Muriatic Acid
Definition
Hydrochloric acid, brick walls are later given a final cleaning by scrubbing with
Term
Lintels
Definition
Of reinforced concrete, reinforced brick, or steel angles are all equally satisfactory from a technical standpoint
Term
Corbel
Definition
An ancient structural device of limited spanning capability, one that may be used for small openings in brick walls, for beam branches, and for ornaments
Term
Arch
Definition
Structural form so widely used and so powerful, both structurally and symbolically
Term
Centering
Definition
Of wood or steel, a mason can lay a brick arch very rapidly
Term
Spandrel
Definition
The area of flat wall that adjoins the arch, is slow to construct because many of its bricks must be cut to fit
Term
Gauged Brick
Definition
Each brick is rubbed to the required wedge shape on an abrasive stone, which is laborious and expensive
Term
Rough Arch
Definition
In a wall of Flemish bond brickwork arch
Term
Barrel Vault
Definition
An arch translated along a line perpendicular to its plane
Term
Dome
Definition
An arch rotated about its vertical centerline
Term
Buttressed
Definition
Strong, stable forms, lateral thrusts sufficiently tied
Term
Reinforced Brick Masonry (RBM)
Definition
Analogous to reinforced concrete construction
Term
Self-consolidating Grout
Definition
Analogous to self-consolidating concrete
Term
Low-lift Grouting
Definition
The masonry is constructed to a height not greater than 4 feet before grouting, taking care to keep the cavity free of mortar squeezeout and droppings, which might interfere with the placement of the reinforcing and grout
Term
High-life Grouting
Definition
The wall is grouted a story at a time
Term
Ties
Definition
To resist the hydrostatic pressure of the wet grout, the wythes are held together by galvanized steel wire _____
Term
Cleanout Hole
Definition
An opening at the base of a masonry wall through which mortar droppings and other debris can be removed prior to grouting the interior cavity of the wall
Term
Quion
Definition
A corner reinforcing of cut stone or bricks in a masonry wall, usually done for decorative effect
Term
Water Table
Definition
The level at which the pressure of water in the soil is equal to the atmospheric pressure; effectively, the level to which groundwater will fill an excavation; a wood molding or shaped brick used to make a transition between a thicker foundation and the wall above
Term
Portland Cement
Definition
A gray or white powder, composed principally of calcium silicades, which, when combined with water, hydrated to form the border in concrete, mortar, and stucco
Term
Concrete
Definition
A structural material produced by mixing predetermined amounts of cement, aggregated, and water allowing this mixture to cure under controlled conditions
Term
Aggregate
Definition
Inert particles, such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone, or expanded minerals, in a concrete, mortar, or plaster
Term
Coarse Aggregate
Definition
Gravel or crushed stone in a concrete mix
Term
Fine Aggregate
Definition
Sand used in concrete, mortar, or plaster mixes
Term
Curing
Definition
The hardening of concrete, plaster, gunned sealant, or other met materials. Can occur through evaporation of water on a solvent, hydration, polymerization, or chemical reactions of various types, depending on the formulation of the material
Term
Hydration
Definition
The process by which cements combine chemically with water to harden
Term
Heat of Hydration
Definition
The thermal energy given off by concrete or gypsum as it cures
Term
Drying Shrinkage
Definition
Shrinkage of concrete, mortar, or plaster that occurs as excess water evaporates from the material
Term
Clinker
Definition
A fused, pebblelike mass that is an intermediate product of cement manufacture; a brick that is overburned
Term
Air-entertaining Cement
Definition
Contain ingredients that cause microscopic air bubbles to form in the concrete during mixing. Bubbles improve workability during placement of the concrete and, greatly increase the resistance of the cured concrete do damage
Term
White Portland Cement
Definition
A portland cement that is white in color; used for architectural concrete where greater color control is required
Term
High-Volume-Fly-Ash Concrete (HVFA)
Definition
A concrete in which a high percentage of cementing substance is fly ash rather than portland cement
Term
Lightweight Aggregate
Definition
Low-density aggregate used to make lightweight concrete, mortar, and plaster; in concrete, aggregate with a density of less than 70 lb/ft^3 (1120 kg/m^3)
Term
Structural Lightweight Aggregate
Definition
Lightweight aggregate with sufficient density and strength for use in structural concrete
Term
Expanded Shale Aggregate
Definition
A structural lightweight aggregate made from ground shale particles that have been heated to the point that moisture within the particles vaporizes, causing the particles to expand
Term
vermiculite
Definition
expanded Mica, used as an insulating fill or lightweight aggregate
Term
perlite
Definition
Expanded volcanic glass, used as a lightweight aggregate in concrete and plaster and as an insulating fill
Term
supplementary cementitious material (SCM)
Definition
Hydraulic cementious material or pozzolan mixed with portland cement to modify the cement product's properties or lower the energy required to manufacture the cement
Term
pozzolan
Definition
A supplementary cementitious material that has few or no inherent cementitious with calcium hydroxide released by other cementitious materials to create a hydraulic cement product
Term
fly ash
Definition
Dust collected in the stacks of coal fired power plants, used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete and mortar
Term
silica fume, microsilica
Definition
Very firmly divided silicon dioxide, a pozzolan used as an admixture in the formulation of high-strength, low-permeability concrete; also called Microilica
Term
natural pozzolan
Definition
Term
high reactivity metakaolin
Definition
A white-colored natural pozzolan that enhances appearance, workability, and hardened properties of concrete
Term
blast furnace slag, slag cement
Definition
A hydraulic cementitious material formed as a byproduct of iron manufacture, used in mortar and concrete mixtures
Term
hydraulic cement
Definition
Cementitious materials that harden by reacting with water and whose hardened products are not water soluble
Term
blended cement
Definition
hydraulic cement made from a mixture of cementitious materials such as Portland cement,other
Term
concrete admixture
Definition
if material other than cementitious material, water, and aggregates included in the mixture for the purpose of altering one or more properties of the mixed material, either in its plastic working state or after it has hardened
Term
air-entraining admixture
Definition
admixture that causes a controlled quantity of stable microsopic air bubbles to form in concrete or mortar during mixing, usually for increasing workability, and resistance to freezerthaw conditions
Term
water-reducing admixture
Definition
Concrete admixture that allows a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, resulting in higher strength concrete
Term
high-range water-reducing admixture, superplasticizer
Definition
an admixture that makes wet concrete or grout exteremly fluid without additional water
Term
accelerating admixture
Definition
an admixture that causes concrete or mortar to cure more rapidy
Term
shrinkage-temperature steel
Definition
re-bars laid at right angles to the principal bars in a one-way slab for the purpose of preventing excessive cracking caused by drying shrinkage or temperature stresses in the concrete
Term
two-way action
Definition
bending of a slab or deck in which bending stresses are approximately equal in the two principal directions of the structure
Term
vertical bar, column bar
Definition
An upright rebar in a concrete column
Term
tie
Definition
A device for holding two parts of a construction together; a structural device that acts in tension
Term
column tie
Definition
it single loop of steel bar, usually bent into a rectangular configuration, used to tie a concrete column
Term
column spiral
Definition
A continuous coil of steel reinforcing used to tie a concrete columns
Term
fibrous reinforcing
Definition
short fibers of glass, steel of polypropylene mixed into concrete to act as either microfiber reinforcing, or microfibers
Term
microfiber reinforcing
Definition
In concrete, fibrous reinforcement against plastic shrinkage cracking
Term
creep
Definition
In concrete, fibrous reinforcement capable of providing resistance to drying shrinkage and thermal stress
Term
prestress
Definition
the initial tension in the steel rebars
Term
prestressed concrete
Definition
concrete that has been pretensioned or posttensioned
Term
pretensioning
Definition
Compressing the concrete in a structural memeber by pouring the concrete for the member around stretched, high-strength steel strands, curing the concrete,and releasing the external tensions force on the strands.
Term
camber
Definition
A slight, intentional initial curvature in a beam or slab
Term
posttensioning
Definition
Term
tendon
Definition
Term
draped tendon
Definition
A posttensioning strand that is glanced along a curbing profile that approximates the path of the tensile forces in a beam
Term
harped tendon
Definition
if pretensioned strand pulled up and down in the formwork to make a downward pointing/ or flathead V shape in each member that approximates the shape of a draped tenon
Term
ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)
Definition
concrete with draped tenon compressive strength of as high as 30.000 psi and exhibiting even usable tensile strength
Term
light transmitting concrete
Definition
Term
ACI 301
Definition
Term
Retarding Admixture
Definition
An admixture used to slow the curing of concrete, mortar, or plaster
Term
Workability Agent
Definition
Admixture for concrete that improves the plasticity of wet material to make it easier to place in forms and finish
Term
Shrinkage-reducing Admixture
Definition
A concrete additive that reduces drying shrinkage and the cracking that results
Term
Corrosion Inhibitor
Definition
A concrete admixture intended to prevent oxidation of reinforcing bars
Term
Freeze Protection Admixture
Definition
A concrete or mortar additive, used to allow curing under conditions of low ambient temperature
Term
Extended Set-Control Admixture
Definition
A substance that retards the onset of the curing reaction in concrete or mortar so that the material may be used over a protracted period of time after mixing
Term
Water-Cement Ratio, w-c Ratio
Definition
An expression of the relative proportions, by weight, of water and cement in a concrete mixture
Term
Coloring Agent
Definition
Daniel was too lazy to look it up. Good luck
Term
Transmitted Concrete
Definition
Concrete mixed in a drum on the back of a truck as it is transported to the building site
Term
Slump Test
Definition
Put concrete in a cone->flip->measure vertical change-> index of its working consistency
Term
Slurry
Definition
A watery mixture of insoluble materials with a high concentration of suspended solids
Term
Segregation
Definition
Separation of the constituents of wet concrete caused by excessive handling or vibration
Term
Dropchute
Definition
A flexible hoselike tube for placing concrete; used to break the fall of the concrete and prevent segregation
Term
Consolidation
Definition
In freshly pour concrete, eliminate trapped air and cause the concrete to fill completely around the re-bars and into all the corners of the formwork, usually by vibrating concrete
Term
Self-consolidaiting Concrete (SCC)
Definition
Concrete formulated so that it is highly flowable and fills framework completely without needing consolidation
Term
Formwork
Definition
Structures, usually temporary, that serve to give shape to poured concrete and it support it and keep it moist as it cures
Term
Form Release Compound
Definition
A substance applied to concrete formwork to prevent concrete from adhering
Term
Precasting
Definition
Process in which concrete is cast into reusable forms at an industrial plant
Term
Sidecasting
Definition
Concrete is poured into forms that are erected on the job site
Term
Reinforced Concrete
Definition
Concrete work into which sited bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction
Term
Steel Reinforcing Bars
Definition
Hot-rolled, deformed steel bars used to impart tensile strength and ductilibility to concrete structures
Term
Deformed Reinforced Bars
Definition
Steel re-bars with surface ribs for better bonding to concrete
Term
Rebar Congestion
Definition
Ask Danny
Term
Welded Wire Reinforcing (WWR)
Definition
A welded grid of steel reinforcing wires or bars, used most commonly for reinforcing of slabs
Term
Bottom Bar
Definition
A reinforcing bar that lies close to the bottom of a beam or slab
Term
Cover
Definition
In concrete, a specified thickness of concrete surrounding steel re-bars to provide full embodiment for the bars and protect them against fire and corrision
Term
Bond
Definition
The adhesive force between mortar and masonry units, or the pattern in which masonry units are laid to the two or more wythes together into a structural unit; concrete and the adhesion between the surface of a rebar and concrete
Term
Hook
Definition
A semicircular bond in the end of a rebar, made for the purpose of anchoring the end of the bar securely into the surrounding concrete
Term
Stirrup
Definition
A vertical loop of steel bar used to reinforce of concrete beam against diagonal tension forces
Term
U-Stirrup
Definition
A open-top, u-shaped loop of steel bar used as reinforcing against diagonal tension in a concrete bar
Term
Closed Stirrup-tie
Definition
Full rectangular loops of steel that wrap all the way around the longitudinal bars
Term
Chair
Definition
A device used to support re-bars
Term
Bolster
Definition
A long chair used to support re-bars in a concrete slab
Term
One-way Action
Definition
The structural action of a slab that spans between two parallel beams or bearing walls
Term
Daniel, hey
Definition
Daniel, hello
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