Term
| What are seen as a result of HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT? |
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Definition
| Stuttering, asthma, migraines, and headaches |
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Term
| Stuttering appear to have a ___ basis in many individuals. However, studies of twins and adoptions studies confirm that genes must interact with ____ factors for stuttering to appear. |
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Definition
| Stuttering appear to have a GENETIC basis in many individuals. However, studies of twins and adoptions studies confirm that genes must interact with ENVIRONMENTAL factors for stuttering to appear. |
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Term
| How Genes Affect Stuttering |
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Definition
- no one is sure how genes affect stuttering
- genes could be present but dormant
- what causes them to trigger?
- adopted kids vs biological kids?
adopted children that stutter with adopted fam members stutter? |
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Term
| Genes + Environmental Factors |
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Definition
| - difficulties with speech motor control, language and learning ability, or sensory processing, vulnerable temperament + environmental factors= stuttering |
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Term
| Stuttering may have its etiology in ___ factors for some stutterers. These factors may include... |
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Definition
Stuttering may have its etiology in CONGENITAL factors for some stutterers. These factors may include...
- physical trauma at birth
- cerebral palsy
- retardation
- emotional stressful situations
* IMPORTANT to get medical history |
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Term
When a stutterer becomes fluent...
Hemisphere where over activations are reduced?
Hemisphere where cortical activity is more lateralized? |
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Definition
RIGHT hemi- over activations reduced
LEFT hemi- cortical activity lateralized |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly more boys begin to stutter than girls, but girls are more likely to recover, so that by school age and beyond, there are many more boys who stutter than girls |
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Term
| Early childhood stuttering maybe either ___, in which child recovers naturally within ___ mos with no or minimal treatment...or persistent, in which the child, if not treated, stutters for ___ years or more. |
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Definition
| Early childhood stuttering maybe either TRANSITORY, in which child recovers naturally within 18 MONTHS with no or minimal treatment...or persistent, in which the child, if not treated, stutters for 3 YEARS or more. |
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Term
| What are persistent and transitory stuttering a result of? |
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Definition
| they both appear to be the result of a common genetic factor (either single gene or several), but the persistent form prob has additional genetic factors that impede recovery |
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Term
| What factors are associated with natural recovery? |
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Definition
- good scores on tests (phonology, lang, non-verbal skills)
- no fam hx or fam members who had no nat recov from stuttering
- early age of onset of stuttering
- being a girl |
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Term
| What anomalies occur in brain imaging of adults who stutter? |
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Definition
1. Over activation in RIGHT brain
2. Deactivation in the LEFT auditory cortex |
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Term
| Neuroanatomical differences seen via brain imaging include: |
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Definition
1. Anomalies in the planum temporale and in gyri in speech and lang areas
2. less dense fiber tracts connecting speech perception, planning, and execution areas |
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Term
| Inducement of short term or long term fluency in stutterers is accompanied by ____ in right hemisphere activations and ____ in activation of left hemisphere speech, lang, and auditory areas. |
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Definition
| Inducement of short term or long term fluency in stutterers is accompanied by DECREASES in right hemisphere activations and INCREASES in activation of left hemisphere speech, lang, and auditory areas. |
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Term
| Masking and other changes in auditory feedback creates temporary fluency, suggesting distortions, deficits, or delays in auditory feedback may be associated with___. |
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Definition
| Masking and other changes in auditory feedback creates temporary fluency, suggesting distortions, deficits, or delays in auditory feedback may be associated with STUTTERING. |
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Term
| On tasks of sensory-motor control, stutterers demonstrate ___ reaction times, especially when stimuli are linguistically more complex. |
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Definition
| On tasks of sensory-motor control, stutterers demonstrate SLOWER reaction times, especially when stimuli are linguistically more complex. |
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Term
| Stutters are ___, less ____, and less ___ hemisphere dominant when performing sequential motor tasks and auditory-motor tasks. |
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Definition
| Stutters are SLOWER, less ACCURATE, and less LEFT hemisphere dominant when performing sequential motor tasks and auditory-motor tasks. |
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Term
| When there is a ___ linguistic load, stutterer's speech motor system are ___ variable; greater linguistic load is also associated with____. |
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Definition
| When there is a GREATER linguistic load, stutterer's speech motor system are MORE variable; greater linguistic load is also associated with STUTTERING. |
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Term
| Stutterers do not appear to be ___ anxious than nonstutters, but there is evidence that when their autonomic arousal levels are ___, more stuttering is likely to occur. |
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Definition
| Stutterers do NOT appear to be MORE anxious than nonstutters, but there is evidence that when their autonomic arousal levels are HIGH, more stuttering is likely to occur. |
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Term
| As a group, stuttering kids and adults have a ___ sensitive temperament; this sensitivity may be associated with more physical tension in the ____. |
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Definition
| As a group, stuttering kids and adults have a MORE sensitive temperament; this sensitivity may be associated with more physical tension in the LARYNGEAL MUSCLES. |
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