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deepest layer of soil, makes up the Earth's crust |
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very top layer of dead leaves and grass |
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mixture of rock fragments, nutrients, water, air and decaying animal and plant matter |
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-located below the topsoil
-also contains rock fragments, water and air, but has less animal and plant matter |
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process by which wind, water or ice moves particles of rocks or soil |
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-crops use more nutrients than the decomposers can supply
-the soil becomes less fertile |
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includes nutrients that help crops grow better |
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advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile |
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-period when less rain than normal falls in an area
-crops suffer |
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process of restoring an area of land to a more natural, productive state |
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