Term
| 1. Evaluate Metternich’s attempts to maintain the old order in Europe. Be sure to discuss their short and long term success. |
|
Definition
| Metternich has a couple policies: intervention, and legitimacy. Both work in the short term, not so much in the long term. |
|
|
Term
| 2. What specific steps do the British take to avoid the same kind of revolt faced by France and Russia during this time period? |
|
Definition
| They extend suffrage, and they make life better especially for the working class, who are the most likely to revolt. They also straight up had a good economy the whole time so its hard to revolt against that… |
|
|
Term
| 3. How do the Proletariats differ from earlier working class? |
|
Definition
| Proletariats cross national boundaries, and there is something inherently revolutionary about them. |
|
|
Term
| 4. Compare and contrast the ideas of classical economists with those of the early socialists, especially the thinking of Karl Marx. |
|
Definition
| Economic liberalism = laissez faire, whereas karl marx believes that capitalism is evil. They are essentially the exact opposites. |
|
|
Term
| 5. What are the common causes that lead to revolution throughout Europe in 1848? |
|
Definition
| The French revolution, bad economy, Napoleon, spread of nationalism… |
|
|
Term
| 6. How do the outcomes of the revolution of 1848 indicate that the Ancien Regime is truly on its deathbed? |
|
Definition
| I guess france is slowly becoming more democratic, italy is still not unified. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a congress that was established to decide on a final peace treatment after Napoleon’s defeat. The principle of legitimacy, a return to conservatism, and balance of power are the main topics of discussion at this congress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this was the main topic of conversation at the congress. Russia had gained land to Austria and Prussia were strengthened to act as a buffer. This congress sought to prevent any one nation from dominating the continent. France’s potential to conquer more land and once again dominate Europe was severely limited in this congress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he said that no one generation has the right to overthrow the government, things must occur gradually. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reestablish the old order – church, landed aristocracy, government bureaucracies, and a legitimate hereditary monarchy; the community took precedence over individual rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “the voice of conservatism” he was an Austrian who was very important in foreign affairs. He was a proponent of conservatism, the principle of intervention (great powers have the right to intervene in countries with revolts to restore the conservative order), and the principle of legitimacy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a means to maintain the newly constructed status quo. The quadruple alliance >> GB, Russia, Prussia, and Austria renew their pledge to peace by working together. France joins this alliance later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greeks revolt against the ottomans and they get European support b/c of their catholic roots and cuz it's the birthplace of democracy. GB, Russia and France all attack the Ottomans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tories are in power, but both parties are comprised of the landed aristocracy. The whigs have the support of the working class. voting and suffrage is very unequal. |
|
|
Term
| Corn Laws and the peterloo massacre |
|
Definition
| severe economic difficulty plus high taxes on foreign grain leads to protests. These protests were squashed violently, which was called the Peterloo massacre. Led parliament to take even more repressive measures. |
|
|
Term
| Louis XVIII and Charles X |
|
Definition
| the bourbon dynasty is restored in france with Louis XVIII. He accepts the Napoleonic codes. He ws criticized from both extremes of the political spectrum (liberals and ultraroyalists). Charles X was much more conservative >> france on the brink of another revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people are interdependent, and congregate along similar cultural lines. Pride in the fatherland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual freedoms, equality, small government, government responsible to the people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Italian secret society with nationalist aspirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germanic states form a confederation that is really powerless, but Metternich uses it to suppress revolutions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a revolt for obvious reasons, staged during the period of transition from Alexander and Nicholas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he was deeply affected by the Decembrist revolts, so he was a staunch ruler. He turned into a reactionary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| i.e. economic liberalism >> laissez faire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he wrote essay on the principles of population, which stated that the population will have to curb soon cuz we’ll run out of food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "iron law of wages" >> he wrote Principle of political economy, “an increase in population means more workers, more workers implies lower wages, lower wages means reduced population due to starvation, and that leads to higher wages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an advocate of liberalism in England, he wrote “Liberty” which argued for the absolute freedom of opinion and speech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absolute equality. Government should own property (no private property) collusion rather than collision. Human nature is naturally good. |
|
|
Term
| Charles Fourier's phalansteries |
|
Definition
| a socialist who wanted to demonstrate the awesomeness of socialism by creating model societies called phalansteries, but he had no funding so it didn’t get tested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed that humans would reveal their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. He transformed a factory into a flourishing society. However, when he tried to create a self contained community in the US, he failed. |
|
|
Term
| Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan |
|
Definition
| both socialists. Blanc said that with government assistance, socialism could work. Denounced competition. Tristan was a female utopian socialist >> absolute equality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elections led to the liberals winning, Charles X issues the july ordinances that, among other things, dissolved the legislative body which leads to a rebellion. Louis – phillippe takes the throne, and he is known as the bourgeois monarch. To the bourgeoisie, this was a good stopping place for liberal change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognized the changes that GB was going through due to the industrial revolution. It reordered the voting boroughs, and extended suffrage. New reform legislation followed, including the poor law (social Darwinism >> let the poor be/die), and the repeal of the corn laws. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yet another French revolution takes place, and louis phillippe flees. A provisional government takes over and the moderates gain control of the legislative body. A constitution is drafted creating the second French republic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attempt to create a unified germany. It didn’t work out because they asked the Prussian king to be the king of all germany but he refuses. |
|
|
Term
| Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy |
|
Definition
| “dedicate your lives to Italian nationalism” >> rebellions begin in sicily in 1848 and spread. However, the Austrians maintain control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in france, germany, italy, and hungary (in Austria). These revolutions were all initially successful but were all crushed by conservatives just months later. The unity of the original revolution broke down b/c the minorities within the minority dissented. For example, the bourgeoisie did not extend voting rights to the French working class. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote the communist manifesto. Communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| history is a series of class struggles. “proletariats of the world, UNITE” >> a classless society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| romanticism challenged the enlightenment’s preoccupation with reason. Stressed emotion. Individualism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| published local fairy tales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revival of medieval architectural styles. A sense of mysticism surrounding the middle ages. |
|
|
Term
| Mary Shelley's Frankenstein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron |
|
Definition
| romantic poets. Shelley – Prometheus unbound, Byron – Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Byron died for the Greek cause in the revolt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loved nature. god is everywhere, nature is the representation of god. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painted landscapes >. Seeing with your heart instead of with your heart |
|
|
Term
| J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix |
|
Definition
| Turner – nature. Delacroix – vivid color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| austrian musician >> stressed emotion. |
|
|
Term
| Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers |
|
Definition
| a realist, painted everyday life. The painting “The Stonebreakers” was painted in 1849 and represented human misery. |
|
|
