Term
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Definition
| An awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings that one is attending to at a given moment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of awareness consisting of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings that one is focused on at a given moment. |
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Term
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon |
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Definition
| The ability to attend selectively to one person's speech in the midst of competing conversations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli, as in the cocktail party phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to distribute one's attention and simultaneously engage in two or more activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A color-naming task that demonstrates the automatic nature of highly practiced activities such as reading. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that is presented below the threshold for awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a recently presented word or concept to facilitate, or prime, responses in a subsequent situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition stemming from damage to the temporal lobes that disrupts the ability to recognize familiar faces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by damage to the visual cortex in which a person encodes visual information without awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological cycle, such as sleeping and waking, that occurs approximately every twenty-four hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rapid-eye-movement stage of sleep associated with dreaming. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stages of sleep not accompanied by rapid eye moments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A semiconscious dream state in which a sleeper is aware that he or she is dreaming. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the conscious dream content that is remembered in the morning. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the unconscious, censored meaning of a dream. |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Theory |
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Definition
| The theory that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get the amount of sleep needed to function during the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by irresistible and sudden attacks of REM sleep during the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep and awakens gasping for air. |
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Term
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder |
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Definition
| A condition in which the skeletal muscles are not paralyzed during REM sleep, enabling a sleeper to act on his or her nightmares, often violently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha waves, beta waves, tensed muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Delta waves, sleepwalking, talking in your sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Paralyzed muscles, genital arousal, increased blood flow to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Attention-focusing procedures in which changes in a person's behavior or mental state are suggested. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which an individual is characteristically responsive to hypnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A suggestion made to a subject in hypnosis to be carried out after the induction session is over. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reported tendency for hypnosis subjects to forget events that occurred during the induction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term referring to the unsubstantiated claim that hypnosis can be used to facilitate the retrieval of past memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of consciousness that permits one part of the mind to operate independently of another part. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods or behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physiological addiction in which a drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physiological addiction in which a drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well-being or relief from negative emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of depressant drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of drugs that excite the central nervous system and energize behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychedelic drugs that distort perception and cause hallucinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of highly addictive drugs that depress neural activity and provide temporary relief from pain and anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marijuana, LSD, PCP(Angel Dust) |
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Term
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Definition
| Morphine, Heroin, Codeine |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzodiazepines, Valium, Librium, Xanax, Barbiturates, Alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphetamines, Nicotine, MDMA(Ecstasy), Cocaine, Caffeine |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientists who study the behavior of animals in their natural habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A species-specific behavior that is built into an animal's nervous system and triggered by a specific stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of an organism to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another(Pavlovian conditioning). |
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Term
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Definition
| An unlearned response(salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus(food). |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus(food) that triggers an unconditioned response(salivation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A neutral stimulus(bell) that comes to evoke a classically conditioned response(salivation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A learned response(salivation) to a classically conditioned stimulus(bell). |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of a learned response to a stimulus through the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus(classical conditioning) or reinforcement(operant conditioning). |
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Term
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Definition
| The elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus(classical conditioning) or reinforcement(operant conditioning). |
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Term
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Definition
| The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| In classical and operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish between different stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law stating that responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated, whereas those followed by negative outcomes are not. |
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Term
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Definition
| An apparatus, invented by B.F. Skinner, used to study the effects of reinforcement on the behavior of laboratory animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response. |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a prior response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which reinforcements are used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a specific behavior. |
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Term
| Partial-Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| The tendency for a schedule of a partial reinforcement to strengthen later resistance to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurs but is not exhibited in performance until there is an incentive to do so. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that takes place when one observes and models the behavior of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which information is retained for later use. |
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Term
| Information-Processing Model |
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Definition
| A model of memory in which information must pass through discrete stages via the processes of attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory storage system that records information from the senses for up to three seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory storage system that holds about seven items for up to twenty seconds before the material is transferred to long-term memory or is forgotten. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent memory storage system that can hold vast amounts of information for many years. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fleeting sensory memory for visual images that lasts only a fraction of a second. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief sensory memory for auditory input that lasts only two to three seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of grouping distinct bits of information into larger wholes, or chunks, to increase short-term-memory capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of sheer repetition to keep information in short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to describe short-term memory as an active workspace where information is accessible for current use. |
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Term
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Definition
| A U-shape pattern indicating the tendency to recall more items from the beginning and end of a list than from the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent memory storage system that can hold vast amounts of information for many years. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for transferring information into long-term memory by thinking about it in a deeper way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stored long-term knowledge of learned habits and skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stored long-term knowledge of facts about ourselves and the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex web of semantic associations that link items in memory such that retrieving one item triggers the retrieval of others as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental task that requires subjects to decide as quickly as possible whether a string of letters briefly presented is a word or nonword. |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of the brain in the limbic system that plays a key role in encoding and transferring new information into long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory disorder characterized by an inability to store new information in long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory disorder characterized by an inability to retrieve long-term memories from the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| The types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of recollections in response to direct questions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonconscious recollection of a prior experience that is revealed indirectly, by its effects on performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of explicit-memory task in which a person must reproduce information without the benefit of external cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of explicit-memory retrieval in which items are represented to a person who must determine if they were previously encountered. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that any stimulus encoded along with an experience can later jog one's memory of that experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A consistent pattern in which the rate of memory loss for input is steepest right after input is received and levels off over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory aids designed to facilitate the recall of new information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for previously learned material to disrupt the recall of new information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for new information to disrupt the memory of previously learned material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preconceptions about persons, objects, or events that bias the way new information is interpreted and recalled. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to incorporate false postevent information into one's memory of the event itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| The recollections people have of their own personal experiences and observations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly vivid and enduring memories, typically for events that are dramatic and emotional. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability of most people to recall events from before the age of three or four. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to think after an event that we knew in advance what was going to happen. |
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