Term
| What is the Origin of Connective Tissue? |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme cells that develop from mesoderm (except craniofacial) |
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Term
| What are the things that distinguish different connective tissues from each other? |
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Definition
| Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance |
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Term
| What is the most abundant protein in the body and whta is it's function? |
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Definition
| Collagen: provides flexibility and strength |
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Term
| What amino acids are unique to collagen? |
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Definition
Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine (Every 3rd AA is also Gly) |
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Term
| How many polypeptides form a pro-collagen molecule? |
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Definition
| 3 alpha chains that are coded for by different genes. The 3 chains coil into a triple helix. |
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Term
| What special sequences are synthesized at both ends of a collagen polypeptide? |
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Definition
Registration peptides are placed there by the RER. The help the 3 alpha chains get into a triple helix(procollagen). It leaves the cell and then is cleaved by Procollagen Peptidase to become collagen(Tropocollagen) |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of collagen that we need to know for Dr. Klement? |
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Definition
Type I: Most abundant in bone. Type II: Cartilage Type III: Don't find it by itself. More in embryonic tissue but forms basis for reticular fiber. Type IV: Basal Lamina |
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Term
| What amino acids are unique to Elastic? |
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Definition
Desmosine and Idodesmosine which are formed from 4 lysine residues. Came from protein Elastin. |
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Term
| What are the 2 proteins present in Elastic fibers? |
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Definition
Microfibrils: made of protein Fibrillin Elastin |
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Term
| What cell types are elastic fibers found in? |
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Definition
| Fibroblast, Smooth Muscle, Chondrocytes (cartilage) |
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Term
| How do you recognize elastic fibers at the EM level? |
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Definition
Big block of Elastin surrounded by Microfibrils |
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Term
| How do you recognize collagen at the EM level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the physical characteristics of Elastic fiber? |
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Definition
-Stretches easily, returns to shape. -Fibers branch -Froms cloth-like structure in some blood vessel walls. -Need special stain (Weigert's stain) -Resistant to boiling and proteinase digestion |
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Term
| What locations would you find elastic fibers? |
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Definition
-Loose/Elastic CT -Elastic cartilage -Elastic arteries -Ligaments -Dermis |
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Term
| How are reticular fibers organized? |
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Definition
| Thin fibers that branch to from "woven basket" like structures. Can surround different groups. |
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Term
| How do you stain for Reticular fibers? |
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Definition
| PAS or Argyrophilic(silver loving) |
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Term
| What are reticular fibers composed of? |
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Definition
| Type III collagen(heavily glycosylated, Glycoproteins, and Proteoglycans. and other collagen) |
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Term
| What types of cells are rich in reticular fibers? |
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Definition
| Fibroblasts, Reticular cells, Schwann cells |
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Term
| What locations are reticular cells found in? |
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Definition
| Spleen, Lymph nodes, Endocrine glands |
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Term
| What is ground substance composed of? |
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Definition
Glycoaminoglycans(GAGs) Proteoglycans Glycoproteins |
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Term
| What is the function of ground substance? |
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Definition
Fills spaces Lubricant Barrier Binds cells to fibers |
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Term
| How do you stain for ground substance? |
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Definition
You can't. Colorless/Transparent Gel-like consistancy |
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Term
| What is a glycoaminoglycan(GAG) composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the physical characteristics of GAG? |
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Definition
Linear polysaccharides Most sulfated If present, location of sulfate group determines the type. |
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Term
| What is a proteoglycan aggregate? |
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Definition
| A bunch of proteoglycans branching off of a HA bachbone |
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Term
| What is Hyaluronic acid (HA)? |
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Definition
-a GAG -Simplest, Widespread, Non-Sulfated, Long chains |
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Term
| What is a proteoglycan composed of? |
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Definition
| A core protein(backbone) with GAGs coming off like branches. |
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Term
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Definition
Protein dominant with branch carbs coming out of it. Plays a role in adhesion. Binds to intergrins anchored in cell membranes. |
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Term
| What are some examples of Glycoproteins? |
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Definition
Fibronectin: found in Fibroblasts/Ep cells.FXN adhesion Laminin: found in Ep cells. FXN basal lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common(least specialized) type of cell in CT. Sythesizes fibers and ground substance. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Wandering cells? |
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Definition
| Macrophage, Plasma cell, Mast cell |
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Term
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Definition
They go around and digest dead cells, debris, and bacteria. Contains lysosomes. Immune response present antigens to lymphocytes. |
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Term
| How do you identify Macrophage at EM level? |
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Definition
| Have to dye living tissue before you kill it. The Macrophage will come around and digest it. |
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Term
| What are Plasma cells? From what do the develop? |
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Definition
-Synthesize and release antibodies. Common where bacteria enter(intestinal mucosa/mammary glands) -Develop from B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Contain Histamine and Heparin granules. Histamine: allergic response/inflammatory response Heparin: anticoagulant |
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Term
| Where is Loose Connective tissue(Areolar) found? |
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Definition
The most abundant. Fills spaces at dermis, cavities, glands and supports Ep tissue. -Delicate and flexible |
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Term
| What is Irregular Dense Conective tissue? |
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Definition
Collagen bundles without orientation. Resistant to stress in all directions. Found in Dermis, digestive tract, capsules around organs. |
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Term
| What is Regular Dense connective tissue? |
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Definition
Collagen bundles arranged in pattern. Resistant to traction forces. Found in tendons. Can see fibroblast nuclei |
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Term
| What is Elastic Connective tissue? |
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Definition
Rare Bundles of thick elastic fibers. Appears yellow(fresh) Found in ligaments of vertebral column and suspensory ligament of penis. |
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Term
| What is Reticular Connective Tissue? |
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Definition
Specialized loose connective tissue. Provides framework. |
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Term
| What is Mucous connective tissue? |
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Definition
Contains lots of ground substance(mostly HA) Jelly consistancy. Mostly fibroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleus Pulposes of Invertebral disk. Umbilical cord(Wharton's jelly) Pulp of young teeth. |
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Term
| What is the function of Adipose tissue? |
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Definition
Store energy(triglycerides) Shock absorber. Thermal insulation. Fills spaces |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Adipose tissue? |
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Definition
Large blood supply. Uni or Multiocular |
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Term
| Where are Multiocular Adipose CT usually found? |
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Definition
On newborns. Helps regulate temperature. |
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Term
| What determines the distribution of Uniocular Adipose CT? |
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Definition
| Distribution by age and sex |
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Term
What are the 3 types of Cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| What is Hyaline Cartilage? Where is it found? |
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Definition
Most common type. Responsible for long bone growth. Found in moveable joints (Articular Surfaces) |
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Term
| What is the lineage of Cartilage cells? |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme→ Chondroblasts(Perichondrium)→ Chondrocytes(Cartilage)→ Isogenous Groups (Chondrocytes that kept dividing and stayed in a cluster) |
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Term
| What is the Perichondrium? |
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Definition
Layer of dense CT that surround cartilage. Contains vascular supply. Nutrients diffues through. Articular and Fibrocartilage do NOT have perichondrium. |
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Term
| What types of collagen(s) are found in each type of cartilage? |
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Definition
Hyaline and Elastic: Type 2, 4, 5, 6 Fibrocartilage: Type 1, 2 |
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Term
| What places can elastic cartilage be found? |
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Definition
Outter ear and auditory tubes. Epiglottis and Laryngeant Cartilage |
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Term
| How is Fibrocartilage characterized? |
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Definition
Intermediate between dense connective tissue and Hyline cartilage. Develops from Dense CT |
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Term
| How is Fribrocartilage arraged? |
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Definition
| Irregular bundles parallel to stresses acting on it. |
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Term
| Where is the major place that Fibrocartilage is found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the invertebral disks and what are the 2 layers? |
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Definition
Act as cushions between the vertebrae, allowing movement. Annulus Fibrosus Nucleus Pulposus |
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Term
| What is the Annulus Fibrosus of the invertebral disks? |
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Definition
| -external layer of dense CT that lay between vertebral disks. |
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Term
| What is the Nucleus Pulposus of the invertebral disk? |
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Definition
Center of Annulus Fibrosus. Lots of HA and mucous CT. Smaller in adults because it is partially replaced with fibrocartilage over time. |
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Term
| How does cartilage get nutrients? |
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Definition
It is Avascular so nutrients diffuse through matrix from blood vessels in perichondrium. Lots of cell surface to help with exchange. Low metabolic activity. Size is limited. |
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Term
| What are the 2 mechanisms of cartilage growth? |
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Definition
Interstitial- Division of pre-existing chondrocytes Appostional- Perichondrial cell differentiates and growth happens in a girth direction. |
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Term
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Definition
Regenerates in young children. Perichondrial cells. Scar of dense CT |
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Term
| What are the 3 type of Synathroses joints? |
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Definition
Synostosis- bone to bone to bone. No movement(skull) Synchondrosis- bone joined by Hyaline cartilage. Limited movement(how ribs attach to sternum) Syndesmosis- bone joined by dense connective tissue. Some movement |
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Term
| What is the Diarthrosis joint? |
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Definition
Permits free movement. Unites long bones. |
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Term
| What comprises the Diarthrosis joint capsule? |
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Definition
Fibrous layer- dense CT continous with periosteum Synovial membrane- inner layer that lines articular cavity. |
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Term
| What cells make up the synovial membrane? |
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Definition
A-cells- phagocytic, clear debris B-cells- produce synovial fluid |
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