Term
pericyte
-origin
-location
-differentiation |
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Definition
| stem cell, adult parenchyma that is not fully differentiated. Surrounds capillaries, venuoles. Differentiates into-osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or smooth muscle cells. |
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Term
| adipocyte: white vs. brown adipose tissue |
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Definition
white: 1 droplet/cell
brown: multiple droplets/cell |
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Term
plasma cell
-parent cell
-function
-histological features |
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Definition
- from B lymph cell
- "parks" in tissue and secretes antigens
- large cell ~3X RBC diameter, "clock face" heterochromatin in nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| causes color change in dye - eg heparine turns toluidine blue to a pink color |
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Term
mast cell
-origin
-location
-function
-hist. characteristics |
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Definition
-from hemopoietic cells
-goes to skin, mucus membranes
-Produces diverse products in response to IgE
-many metachromatic granules visible |
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Term
| primary mediators of mast cells |
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Definition
| histamine, chemotactic factors (attract other WBCs), proteases (self-ID), heparine (for heparine-dependent mitogens) |
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Term
| secondary mediators of mast cells (synthesized upon activation) |
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Definition
leukotrienes (vasodilation, permeability; bronchioconstrictors)
cytokines
prostaglandin D2 (mucus secretion trigger) |
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Term
macrophages
-origin
-location
-histology |
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Definition
-from monocytes
-found in CT
-indented nucleus, abundant lysosomes |
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Term
Elastic Cartilage
-ECM fibers
- Perichondrium?
-Calcification? |
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Definition
-Type II Collagen, elastic fibers
-Perichondrium
-No calcification |
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Term
FIbrocartilage
-type of fibers
-Perichondrium?
-calcify? |
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Definition
-Type I and II fibers
-no perichondrium
-no calcification with age |
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Term
hyaline cartilage
-ECM fibers
-perichondrium?
-calcification? |
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Definition
-type II fivers
-perichondrium
-calcifies w/age |
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Term
territorial matrix
interterritorial matrix - space between cell groups |
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Definition
| surrounds isogenous groups of cells, interterriorial matrix is between cell groups |
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Term
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Definition
| dense staining around chondrocyte (basophilic proteoglycan) |
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Term
| Process of chondrocyte proliferation and dispersion |
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Definition
-single cell divides to isogenous group/pair
-groups produce the territorial/capsular dark-staining cartilage they inherit
-as they produce more, they are disperesed farther away from each other
- they secrete metalloproteinases to move around in cartilage via remodeling. |
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Term
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Definition
| the mesenchymal tissue that contains chondrocyte progenitor cells, which differentiate during cartilage growth |
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Term
| chondroblasts vs. chrondrocytes |
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Definition
| Chrondocytes are completely surrounded by ECM, though both cell types produce ECM. |
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Term
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Definition
| perichondrium (edge) originating cartilage growth |
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Term
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Definition
| chondrocyte-division based growth. |
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Term
| cell lineage sharing progenitor with chondrocytes |
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Definition
| osteocyte lineage - [oxygen] and growth factors encourage one vs. the other |
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Term
| proper names for compact/cancellous bone |
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Definition
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Term
| channel that joins in-osteon vessel to osteocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| between-osteon blood vessel |
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Definition
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Term
| sites in which osteocytes reside |
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Definition
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Term
| canal in middle of osteon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| captures calcium from circulation, attracts osteocyte during bone deposition process. A protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| inside surface of cortical(?) bone, lined with bone lining cells (progenitors) |
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Term
| area of bone in which one finds osteoblasts |
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Definition
| on surface - called osteocytes once they are surrounded by bone in a lacuna. |
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Term
| effectors that promote osteoclast differentiation |
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Definition
RANKL (RANK expressed on osteoclast surface)
M-CSF/G-CSF
CHRONIC increased PTH
low [Osteoprotegrin] (OPG) |
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Term
| True of False - chondrocyte division will VERY SLOWLY fill in tears in an adult's cartilage |
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Definition
| False. Chondrocytes are not mitotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| unmineralized component of bone |
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Term
| ions present in hydroxyapetite |
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Definition
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Term
| tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) |
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Definition
| secreted by osteoclasts that are actively resorbing bone; used to resorb phosphate of hydroxyapetite |
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Term
zones of epiphysial plate:
-reserve
- proliferation
-hypertrophy
-calcified Cart.
-resorption/ossification |
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Definition
- pool of cells for further division
- division
-swelling - absorbing Ca++
-letting go of Ca++, chondrocytes dying (still cartilage here)
-cartilage absorbed, bone laid down |
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Term
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Definition
| immature bone (primary bone) - irregular collagen arrangement, low mineral content. Remodeled to form mature compact bone (secondary bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoclasts followed by osteoblasts; osteoclasts create a cylinder of open space as they travel through a bone; osteoblasts close the "upstream" portion of the space, turning it into a cone shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| For bone - use it or lose it! |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by osteoblasts and expressed on their cell surface; binds to RANK receptor on osteoclasts, activating them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Competes with RANK for RANKL; an antagonist of RANK |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits osteoclast activity |
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Term
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Definition
| increases RANKL expression on osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
calcitonin "puts the bone in"
or "tones" bones up. (more Ca 2+ in bones). Note that BOTH of these are response to CIRCULATORY Ca2+ levels - much more important short-term for the body |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that simulate pyrophosphates, become incorporated into bone by their Ca++ binding patterns, and then kill osteoclasts that try to consume them. |
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Term
| criteria for osteoporosis |
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Definition
| bone density >2.5 SD below mean for demographic |
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Term
which leukocytes are
1) transient cells in CT
2) resident cells |
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Definition
1) moncytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
2) mast cells, macrophages |
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Term
plasma cells
1) histological features
2) function
3) location |
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Definition
1) "fried egg, clockface." Lightly basophilic cytoplasm
2) B cell which starts cranking out antibodies
3) chronic inflammation or chronic immune chalenge moves these to the area. |
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Term
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Definition
| mast cell has rounder nucleus, matures in tissue, has metachromatic granules (and more, larger), and is 2-3 times size of basophil. |
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Term
eosinophil:
1) histo. characteristics
2) function
3) location |
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Definition
1). Eosinophilic granules (and azurophilic), bilobed nucleus.
2) tones down allergies - histaminase, aryl sulfatase; kills parasites (neurotoxin)
3) migratory |
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Term
basophil
1) appearance
2) function |
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Definition
1) basophilic granules
2) emit histamine, heparine, leukotrienes.
bonus: matures in marrow, not tissue, so circulates maturely as a migrant worker |
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Term
granule contents of granulocytes?
1) preformed
2) synthesized on stimulus |
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Definition
1) histamine (vasodialator, mucus, bronchocontractor), chemotactic -> neutrophils, eosinophils, proteases. heparin -> heparin-dependent growth factors
2)leukotrienes (slower, longer histamines, basically), prostaglandin D2 (increase mucous), cytokines (growth factors) |
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Term
| granule content of neutrophils |
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Definition
| collaginase, phospholipase A2 (releases arachidonic acid?), lysozyme, (lactoferrin) |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytosis, cytokine production, antigen presentation |
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Term
| what type of fiber is always present in LCT? |
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Definition
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Term
| primary GAG's in cartilage |
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Definition
| keratin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid (attached via aggrecan). |
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Term
| what are the components of synovial membranes? |
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Definition
1-4 layers of synoviocytes (fibroblast like cells + macrophage like cells)
underlying CT - ACTUALLY A MEMBRANE |
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Term
osteoarthritis:
1) biochemical changes in cartilage
2) cytological changes |
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Definition
1) calcification and decreased proteoglycan content
2) secretion of inflammatory chemicals and cartilage diminishing chemicals (eg MMPs) by chondrocytes and synoviocytes |
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Term
| differences between young and old cartilage: |
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Definition
| aging cartilage loses proteoglycan (thus water) content while gaining calcium, and chondrocytes acquire increased glycogen and fat. |
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Term
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Definition
few glycosaminoglycans/aggrecates
adhesive glycoproteins - osteocalcin (binds Ca++) |
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Term
| which layer of periosteum is osteogenically active? |
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Definition
| the inner layer (outer is fibrous) |
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Term
| what is the order of substances an osteoblast would secret when building bone? |
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Definition
1) collagens and organic matrix
2) osteocalcin and phosphatases to capture calcium and phosphates. |
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Term
1) what is the origin of osteoclasts?
2) what is required for their differentiation and maturation? |
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Definition
1) monocytes - these are phagocytic cells!
2) differentiation is stimulated by osteoblasts that release m-CSF (a cytokine), maturation is driven of binding RANK with RANKL, expressed on the surface of osteoblasts |
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Term
| process of primary ossification center of endochondral bone |
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Definition
1) collar around edge of diaphysis
2) internal calcification
3) vasculatization - bringing appropriate precursors |
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Term
| what do chondrocytes accumulate in the zone of hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| glycogen and mitochondrial Ca++ |
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Term
| true or false: embryonic bone is layed down as woven bone, but children's bone is layed down on top of old bone as mature bone |
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Definition
| false! bone is always layed down first as woven bone |
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Term
what is a periosteal callus?
what is the difference between this and the intramedullary callus? |
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Definition
| periosteal callus - fibers, cartilage, and blood vessels that form in a clot at the outside of a fracture. Site of intramembranous ossification. Intramedullary callus - on the inside of the fracture. Endochondral ossification here. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
effect of
1)chronic
2) intermittent
parathyroid hormone on osteoclasts |
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Definition
1) chronic - increases expression of RANKL by osteoblasts, stimulating osteoclasts
2) intermittent - increases bone formation, somehow! |
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Term
| what is bone morphogenic protein? |
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Definition
| Integrated into bone matrix, this protein is released by osteoclasts during resorption, and it stimulates osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which effector shuts down osteoclasts without having any effect on osteoblasts? |
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Definition
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