Term
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Definition
1) organization subunit (person/group) frustrates goal attainment of another
2) Often involves antagonistic attitudes and behaviours -> may develop negative stereotypes 3) Conflict process can be managed collaboratively to reduce antagonism to minimum. Conflictmay also be hidden/suppressed and not so obvious. |
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Term
Group Identification and Intergroup Bias |
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Definition
· Identification with a particular group/class of people can lead to conflict
· intergroup bias:people grouped by trival (細小) characteristics (i.e. eye colour) develop a more positive view of their own group even without interaction or cohesion
· Self-esteem is critical for intergroup bias. Identifying with successes of own group and not with out-group failures increases our self-esteem and social solidarity.
· Groups can be based on 1)personal characteristics, 2) job function, 3) job level, etc. Differences between groups may be accentuated(突出) by differences in 1) power, opportunity, clients serviced, etc.
· Nowadays, workers are made to identify strongly with their teams. Hence, group bias suggests organizations should pay attention to relationships between teams. |
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Term
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Definition
· people mutually depend on each other to achieve their own goals. potential for conflict
· Interdependence may lead to conflict for 2 reasons
1) It necessitates interaction between the parties so that they can coordinate their interests à no conflict if the parties can work alone
2) Interdependence implies that each party has power over the other à power may be abused à antagonism |
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Term
Power affects how interdependence causes conflict |
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Definition
· Power: if dependence is not mutualà potential for conflict. Eg. B has power over A and A has nothing to bargain with. Thus, A may be hostile towards B à conflict |
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Term
Status affects how interdependence causes stress |
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Definition
· Status: no conflict if lower status ones depend on higher status ones. potential conflicts if lower status workers are ordering high status people (ex: restaurant waiters to chefs). The high status people may resent. |
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Term
Culture affects how interdependence causes conflicts |
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Definition
· Culture: when 2+ different cultures develop in an organization, the clash in beliefs & values can lead to conflict. (Eg. some have developed strong cultures in efficiency and cost-effectiveness, while others develop strong cultures in customer care at any cost. ) |
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Term
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Definition
· Ambiguous goals, jurisdictions, or performance criteriaà conflict
· Under ambiguity, rules(formal and informal) governing interactions break down
· Difficult to praise/blame people for good/bad outcomes when it’s not clear who was responsible
· Ambiguous performance and open-ended assignments are susceptible to different/opposite interpretations |
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Term
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Definition
· Differences in power are magnified when resources become scarce à always occurs with a battle, and conflict often surfacesduring power jockeying
· Limited budget money, secretarial support, or lab space can contribute to conflict
· Scaricy has a way of surfacing latent or disguised conflict à two scientists who don’t get along very well may be able to put up a peaceful front until there’s a reduction in lab space |
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Term
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Definition
· interpersonal tensions among individuals that involve their relationship , and not the task at hand à “personality clashes”
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Term
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Definition
· disagreements about the nature of the work to be done à differences in goals |
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Term
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Definition
· disagreements about how work should be organized and accomplished à about responsibility, authority, resource allocation, and who should do what |
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