Term
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Definition
| codes for proteins that control critical functions and tells the cell to divide |
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Definition
| code for proteins that prevent tumors and tells the cell not to divide |
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Definition
| formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| II.) Local Invasion (Neoplasia) |
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Definition
| went through basement membrane |
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Term
| III.) Lymph Nodes involvement (Neoplasia) |
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Definition
| .. take your headphones out |
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Term
| IV.) Metastatic Cancer (Neoplasia) |
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Definition
| process by which cancer cells spread through circulatory system |
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Definition
| cells ability to maintain conditions is eroding |
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Definition
| cancer cell has ability to eat away at and move around |
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Definition
development of new blood vessels
- wound healing |
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Definition
| deadly, can spread quickly |
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Definition
| malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| derived from connective tissue |
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Term
| 1. Fix (tissue observation) |
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Definition
enzymatic activity makes something decay, so tissues must be fixed with formalin
Because formalin will fix proteins, enzymes (made of proteins) will be fixed as well.
Paraffin (fats) will not perfuse the tissue since it is made of mostly water |
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Term
| 2.) Dehydrate (tissue observation) |
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Definition
| one must dehydrate tissue with ethyl alcohol and water, slowly, in order to keep cell intact. Cell will not collapse until 100% alcohol/ethanol is reached. |
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Term
| 3.) Embed (tissue observation) |
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Definition
| it must be embedded in paraffin to be able to cut a thin slice because tissue alone is rubbery |
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Term
| 4.) Section (tissue observation) |
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Definition
| “meat slicer” - device that allows for cuts at small increments called microtome |
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Term
| 5.) Clear (tissue observation) |
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Definition
| must use solvent xylene to rid of paraffin |
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Term
| 6.) Stain (tissue observation) |
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Definition
must add water-based stain, but will not penetrate paraffin.
H + E (hematoxalin and eosin, sticks to protein) is the most common form of stain. |
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Term
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Definition
| purple/blue & sticks to nucleic acids |
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Definition
| red/pink & sticks to proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| group of cells with a common function |
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Term
| Four Primary Tissue Types |
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Definition
| Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
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Term
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Definition
- Must line something
- Secrete Basal Lamina/act as a gland
- Tend to be polarized, meaning having a clear top and bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| Because epithelial cells line something, it is important that these are used to link the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| form the site of attachment between certain epithelial cells. |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue Sub-catagories (5) |
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Definition
- columnar
- cubodial
- squamous
and can be further divided into:
- simple
- stratified: layering, ex. skin cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
- joins one tissue type to another, ex. blood, ligaments, bone
- should never see free surface
- have lots of extracellular matrix, ex. collagen is e.c.m. in tendons and ligaments
- Rectangular lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| made of proteins such a collagen, elastic, and fibronectin |
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Term
| Muscle tissue & its subcatagories (3) |
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Definition
perform some kind of contracting function
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth |
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Term
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Definition
| run parallel to each other so they can work together and have striations |
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Term
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Definition
| cells branch in multiple directions and have striations. When they join with neighboring cells, thick ____ between cells exists, called intercalated discs |
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Term
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Definition
| aka visceral, muscle not attached to bone, but in the walls of various internal organs such as the stomach, lining of airways, or blood vessels. Blunted on ends, tapers at ends, no striations. |
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Term
| 1.) G1 phase (Cell Cycle) |
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Definition
| Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. Doesn’t care about cell division, consists of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide. |
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Term
| 4) Mitosis M Phase (Cell Cycle) |
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Definition
| Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka senescence phase, cells that go into this phase have no intention to divide and goes into division retirement |
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Term
| The cell always does a __________ throughout the cycle: Did I do ______ well? Yes -> Next stage. No -> ______ |
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Definition
| The cell always does a checkpoint throughout the cycle: Did I do DNA replication well? Yes -> Next stage. No -> Apoptosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A programed cell death, ex. webbing between hands and toes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells dying in response to toxic/ mechanical damage- artificial external damages. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures. In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and various heritable diseases, but it is also the driving force of evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
- can occur spontaneously or due to exposure to mutagens
- can also be achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures
- can lead to cancer and various heritable diseases, but it is also the driving force of evolution |
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Term
| Cell can repair damaged DNA with.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell can repair damaged DNA with excision repair. In doing so, it... |
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Definition
| ...chops off a few bases and DNA polymerase replicates and rebuilds DNA. DNA polymerase cannot seal backbone so DNA Ligase seals up the sugar phosphate backbone. |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Initiation
2.) Promotion
3.) Progression |
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Term
| 1.) Initiation (Stages of Mutagenesis) |
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Definition
mutation in either two. Cell is not cancerous yet, but this is the first step towards it.
- genotoxic step
- possible for immune system to kill off or apoptosis |
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Term
| 2.) Promotion (Stages of Mutagenesis) |
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Definition
making many copies of itself & increasing probability of cancerous cell. May also be called “clonal expansion”
- tumor promoter: ethyl alcohol
- “complete carcinogen”: smoke & drink alcohol |
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Term
| 3.) Progression (Stages of Mutagenesis) |
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Definition
mutation of cell
- every time cell gets a mutation, it makes it harder to recognize/protect |
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Term
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Definition
mutation at one base
- Transition
- Transversion |
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Term
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Definition
| turn purine into another purine or a pyrimidine into another pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| turn purine into pyrimidine or pyrimidine into purine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine, thymine, uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions, like with UV light. These premutagenic lesions alter the structure of DNA and consequently inhibit polymerases and arrest replication. Photo ligase can break bond and can tolerate UV exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| form of radiation that snaps and breaks DNA all over the place and isn’t very repairable |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. Motion results from a combination of kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules and through the physical interaction of polar microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, not a sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance, very few genes are on Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a haploid reproductive cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a haploid zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell containing two sets of chromosomes one from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell containing one set of chromosomes. |
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