Term
mountain building
erosion and transportation of sediment |
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Definition
| what are some counter balancing forces within the Earth |
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Term
| Vmtn = length x height x width |
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Definition
| What is the volume of a mountain |
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Term
| R mtn erosion = 150 m^3/yr. |
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Definition
| Typical transportation rate for sediment in streams flowing from such a mountain (Vmtn= 3.2 x 10^10 m^3) |
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Term
T mtn erosion= (3.2 x 10^10m^3)/ 150 m^3/yr.
= 213 x 10^6 yr. |
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Definition
| Time to erode away the mountain |
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Term
| % age= 213 x 10^6 yr/ 4.55 x 10^9 yr.= ~5% |
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Definition
| Relative to the age of the Earth how long is 213 x 10^6 yr. |
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Term
| residual heat from accretion and heat from radioactive decay |
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Definition
| what keeps the Earth's interior hot |
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Term
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Definition
| belts where molten rock (magma) from the upper mantle or lower crust come to the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| emerging liquid rock is called what? |
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Term
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Definition
| belts where there are planes of weakness and breakage in brittle crustal rocks; site for potential energy converting into mechanical (seismic) energy or tsunami (seismic sea waves) |
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Term
| a power of ten in energy (magnitude) |
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Definition
| one step on the Richter scale of earthquakes is what? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: R=5 is ten times the power of R=4 |
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Term
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Definition
| physical displacement of great segments of the Earth's crust; can be directly measured using GPS and other technology |
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Term
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Definition
| concept that the crust of the Earth is broken up into several (15) large plates, as well as several smaller ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of the Earth's crust that is a rigid slab of rock ~100 km thick each of which moves on a plastic layer just below it (Earth's asthenosphere, the upper part of the mantle) |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the driving force of plate tectonics, especially in the asthenosphere, which drags plates along and keeps them moving |
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Term
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Definition
| contain volcanic mountain ranges and spreading centers that demonstrate how it is formed at mid ocean ridges and moves away gradually from these ridges; sediment thickens toward the continents and away from mid-ocean ridges further showing a progressively younger age of ocean floor at the center of the ocean basin |
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Term
1) Ocean Floors
2) Record of Magnetic Reversals
3) Rock Ages |
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Definition
| 3 Evidences of Plate Tectonics |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetized rock of the ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
| the temperature at which a crystal containing Fe acquires magnetization after forming from a liquid |
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Term
| magnetized rock of the ocean floor (basalt) |
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Definition
| forms a record of the prevailing magnetic field of the Earth at the time it cooled from a liquid |
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Term
| True, on average over time about once per 500 x 10^3 years |
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Definition
| True or False: Earth's magnetic field periodically reverses itself |
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Term
| parallel zones on opposite sides of the mid-ocean ridge; this shows sea-floor spreading |
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Definition
| Patterns of magnetization on the sea floor are what? |
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Term
| less than 180 x 10^6 years old |
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Definition
| the oldest sea floor basalts are how old |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks on Earth's continents are how old? |
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Term
| about as fast as your fingernail grows: just a few cm/yr. |
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Definition
| how fast is plate motion? |
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Term
| T plate= D plate/ Speed plate |
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Definition
| what is the plate travel time formula? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| (7x 10^8 cm)/(5 cm/yr)= 1.4 x 10^8 yr= 140 million years or 140 x 10^6 yr. |
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Definition
| T Atlantic is what? ( How long to open the Atlantic Ocean?) |
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Term
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Definition
| supercontinent comprised of all land masses that existed about 250 to 140 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| new plate material (rock) is formed here; site of volcanism, shallow low-magnitude earthquakes, and features formed by tension (pulling apart), for example, rift valleys. |
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Term
1) Atlantic mid-ocean ridge
2) East Pacific Rise (mid ocean ridge)
3) East African Rift Valley
4) Dead Sea-Red Sea- Gulf of Aqaba rift ocean between Africa and Arabia |
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Definition
| four examples of a Divergents |
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Term
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Definition
| plates come together at a rate of a few cm/yr.; crust buckles up to form folded mountain chains (the process of orogeny); sea floor crust is taken back into the Earth (the process of subduction); volcanoes form from melting during subduction; great earthquakes occur due to break up of subducting crust; ocean trenches form as a result of subduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of the crust buckling up to form folded mountain chains |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of sea floor crust being taken back into the Earth |
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Term
1) Himalaya Mountain
2) Subduction Zone (India-Asia)
3) Andes Mountains subduction zone (South America-Pacific)
4) Cascade Mountain Subduction Zone (North America-Pacific)
5) Marianas trench subduction zone (Phillipines- Pacific) |
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Definition
| 5 examples of Convergent: |
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Term
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Definition
| where plates glide past one another along a great crustal fault zone; powerful earthquakes, but no volcanoes |
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Term
1) San Andreas fault zone of North America
2) Alpine fault zone of New Zealand |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| basaltic (silica-poor) volcanoes that erupt large quantities of lava; generally non violent eruptions |
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Term
| various mid-ocean ridges and Iceland |
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Definition
| Examples of divergent volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
| silica-rich volcanoes; magma that is formed due to melting of subducting plate; violent eruptions |
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Term
1) Cascade volcanoes in North America (OR, WA, BC)
2) Andes volcanoes of Central and South America
3) Japan island
4) Southern Italy |
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Definition
| examples of Convergent volcano plates |
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Term
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Definition
| local (intra-plate) sites on Earth (about 30) where plumes of hot, liquid mantle rise and melt through the crust forming huge volcanoes; independent of plate boundaries |
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Term
1) Hawaiian Islands
2) Galapagos Islands
3) Yellowstone Park and vicinity (in the U.S.) |
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Definition
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Term
| False: the hot spot is stationary |
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Definition
| True or False: The plate moves over a moving hot spot |
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Term
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Definition
| site of initial earthquake motion in the Earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| map location in the surface above the focus |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow focus (< 10 km) and rather weak (but many occur during a year) |
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Term
| convergent of earthquakes |
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Definition
| shallow to deep focus (down to 200 km, the deepest that earthquakes occur); due to subducting plate breaking up; shallow earthquakes are more common than deep ones |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the deepest earthquakes occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Shallow earthquakes are more common than deep ones |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow focus earthquakes that are potentially very powerful if the earthquakes are rare, but rather weak if they occur all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow focus only; weak but frequent |
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Term
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Definition
| study of earthquake vibrations and what they can tell us about the Earth itself |
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Term
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Definition
| compressional or longitudinal waves; waves in which molecules move back and forth in the same direction as the wave moves; fast waves that travel several km/sec through solid rock, liquid, and gases |
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Term
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Definition
| transverse waves; waves in which molecules move up and down perpendicular to the direction of wave motion; slow waves that cannot pass through a liquid or gas (only solid rock) |
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Term
1) Large earthquakes are used to study how the waves pass through the body of the Earth
2) The different paths of P and S are important
3) The bending of earthquake waves due to different densities must be taken into account |
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Definition
| 3 ways that we know internal layers within the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| 103 degrees left to 103 degrees right; shows S-wave exclusion and evidence of a liquid outer core |
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Term
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Definition
| 103 degrees to 143 degrees on each side; shows the effect of core transit and bending |
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Term
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Definition
| P waves that pass through the core show that they core is there, including the more dense solid inner core, due to P-wave bending |
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