Term
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Definition
| consists of the major planets, satellites of the planets, and other objects that are gravitationally bound to the Sun(comets, minor planets including asteroids, and interplanetary dust) |
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Term
1) Major planets
2) satellites of the planets
3) comets
4) Minor planets(asteroids)
5) interplanetary dust |
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Definition
| things that are in the solar system |
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Term
1) All planets and almost all satellites of planets orbit in the same direction around the Sun... the same direction that the Sun rotates
2) All orbits of planets and the larger satellites are in the same plane
3) Almost all planets and satellites rotate on their own axes in the same direction that they orbit the Sun and that the Sun rotates |
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Definition
| 3 characteristics about planetary orbits in the solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Virtually all material of the solar system is contained within the Sun |
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Term
1) Inner rocky or terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars)
2) Outer gaseous or Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) |
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Definition
| Two distinct types of planets: |
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Term
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Definition
| where are asteroids mainly in between? |
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Term
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Definition
| Pluto's satellite or moon |
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Term
| False, it is a large icy body |
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Definition
| True or False: Pluto is a large rocky body |
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Term
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Definition
| icy bodies in a belt beyond Neptune |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the Oort cloud beyond the Kuiper belt and in long and short period orbits around the Sun |
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Term
Mercury and Venus= 0
Earth =1
Mars =2
Jupiter =30
Saturn =35
Uranus =15
Neptune =8 |
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Definition
| How many moons are in each planet? |
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Term
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Definition
| clouds of dust and gas, which can form stars and their solar systems |
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Term
| 99% H and He(this makes star's fuel) |
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Definition
| what is nebula made up of? |
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Term
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Definition
| when H begins burning inside due to pressures at core |
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Term
| False, densities are higher in the the inner planets with higher melting temperatures |
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Definition
| True or False: Densities are lower in the inner planets than the outer planets |
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Term
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Definition
| early meeting of the crust due to heating upon contradiction of the early planet (4.6 to 4.0 billions of years ago) |
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Term
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Definition
| continued accretion of planetesimals in the form of meteors, asteroids, and small planets continually hitting the rocky surface and adding mass and heat to the planet (4.0 to 3.0 billion years ago) |
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Term
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Definition
| development of a stable crust upon which oceans and ice sheets may form after an atmosphere develops around the planet (3.0 billion years ago to present); light impacts |
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Term
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Definition
| a violent sinking event thought to have occurred on Earth when large quantities of Fe and Ni suddenly sank to the core about 4.0 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| a body about 6,800 km across made mainly of Fe and Ni; temperatures = 5,000 C +; pressures = 3.5 x 10^9 g/cm^2; solid in the interior part and liquid on the outer part; metallic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the bulk of the Earth's mass; a thick layer around the core consisting of minerals rich in O, Si, Mg, and Fe; much denser than crust; ionic bonds prevail |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin (~100 km) layer of rock under low enough pressure and high enough temperature to behave as a ductile material; ductile nature allows crustal planes to move upon it |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin (few km to 70 km) layer or shell on the outer part of the Earth; lighter elements are concentrated here (density 2.6 to 3.0 versus 5.52 g/cm ^3 for the whole Earth) |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: There is no water in any lunar minerals and the minerals are more like Earth's mantle than any other planet or satellite in the solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy dense materials that sank to the center(core) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lighter materials that moved to the outer reaches (crust) |
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Term
| Earth(5.52), Mercury(5.44), Venus(5.2), Mars (3.93) |
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Definition
| Densities of Inner Planets from largest to smallest |
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Term
| Neptune(1.64), Jupiter(1.3), Uranus(1.28), Saturn(.69) |
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Definition
| Densities of Outer Planets from largest to smallest |
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Term
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Definition
| gaseous bodies that are more similar to the nebular cloud in terms of composition(lots of H and He) and are made of materials with low melting temperatures (ices) or gases that require low temp. conditions to exist |
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Term
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Definition
| rocky bodies that are more dense and made of materials with higher melting temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: The moon is bigger than Mercury or Pluto |
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Term
| 3.7 g/cm^3 (which means it does not have much of an iron core |
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Definition
| what is the density of the moon? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the earth facing side due to the orbital attraction of the moon in the Earth's orbit |
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Definition
| which side are large impact basins located on the moon? |
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Term
| 100 million years younger than the typical meteorite from Mars or the asteroids. This proves that the moon formed a little later than the other solar system bodies |
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Definition
| how old are the oldest rocks of the moon (from the highlands) |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Moon have atmospheres which remove the scars of weathering and erosion |
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Term
| because they are partially buried, eroded, and obscured by surface processes; The crust also recycles which removes impact craters |
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Definition
| why are hundreds of impact craters on Earth not visible |
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Term
| Venus, due to a violent impact |
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Definition
| which planet has a rotation opposite of the Earth and other planets.? |
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Term
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Definition
| which planet has an axial tilt that is 90 degrees to the normal tilt of planetary rotational axes in the solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| how much is Earth's axis tilted to "normal"? |
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Term
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Definition
| excitation energy>escape velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| any gas that accumulated about an inner planet due to gravitational attraction during accretion was probably blown away during the T-tauri phase of the Sun (note: this did not happen with the outer planets, and they probably have their early atmosphere) |
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Term
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Definition
| follows the T-tauri phase of the Sun |
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Term
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Definition
| volcanoes and fissures bring molten material and gasses to the surface from within the planet; main gasses thus entering the new atmosphere: H2O; CO2; CH4; NH3; H2; this process at a slow pace is continuing today on Earth |
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Term
| Gravitational Escape phase |
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Definition
| planets with gravitational attraction that is low and thus allow excited atoms of the upper atmosphere to escape into space (excitation energy> escape velocity); examples: Moon, Mars, Mercury, Earth list much of its early H and He this way |
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Term
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Definition
| On Earth (maybe Mars long ago), evolution of photosynthetic organisms that produce O as waste gas (beginning about 3.5 b.y. ago) caused a change in the atmosphere: Oxygen build-up began. O level has been rising since 3.5 b.y. ago and today stands at ~ 20% |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: Mars had a planetary evolution similar to the Earth's except that there was no Moon-forming impact on Mars |
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Term
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Definition
| What are Mars' two tiny satellites(moons) |
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Term
| from a result of outgassing |
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Definition
| how did Mars develop an atmosphere and oceans |
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Term
| due to gravitational escape between 4.0 and 3.0 b.y. ago |
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Definition
| why did Mars lose its atmosphere and oceans |
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Term
| meteorite impacts have occurred, volcanic eruptions, and a light wind moves sand and dust on the surface |
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Definition
| Mars has changed little over the past 3.0 b.y. ago except for what? |
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Term
| Fe in silicate materials was chemically oxidized during Mars "wet period" (when the planet has rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans). 2Fe + 3H2O-- Fe2O3 (red mineral in soil) + 3H2 (gas) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gas giants( for example Jupiter) |
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Term
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Definition
| Jupiter is what in diameter? |
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Term
| solid core of rock at 40,000 celsius and under very high pressure |
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Definition
| What is the internal structure of the Outer Solar System? |
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Term
| Internal Structure of Outer Solar System |
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Definition
Lower mantle of liquid metallic H at 11,000 Celsius and under ~ 3x 10^6 atmospheres of pressure
Upper mantle of liquid covalent H under high pressure
atmosphere of H and He gas at -240 Celsius |
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Term
| Atmospheric structure of Outer Solar System |
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Definition
Global cloud bands that rapidly move along parallel to lines of latitude
Giant cloud spots (giant storms) that persist between cloud bands for centuries; formed by shear between cloud bands moving at different speeds |
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Term
| Galilean moons of Jupiter |
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Definition
| 4 large inner satellites, each a small world in its own right |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner moon, the most volcanically active planetary body in the solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| the next moon after Io, a ice world with huge fissure cracks in the icy crust; may have a liquid ocean below the ice crust; most probable home of life outside Earth in this solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| the third moon from Jupiter, an ice world with a possible ocean below the ice; may harbor marine life as well |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer large moon of Jupiter, an ice world that is the most heavily cratered body in the solar system |
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Term
| 30 more, most of them captured asteroids or comets |
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Definition
| how many more moons does Jupiter have? |
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Term
| 35, most of them captured asteroids or comets |
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Definition
| how many moons does Saturn have? |
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Term
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Definition
| a moon so large it is the size of Mercury; a cloud-shrouded, methane (CH4) ice world with methane lakes and rivers; surface is covered with several meters of organic matter produced by chemical reactions in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| bands of finely divided ice and rock that circle Saturn in an equatorial bond |
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Term
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Definition
| debris in Saturn's rings ranges from 1 mm to what? |
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Term
| the rings are likely more shattered satellites and are maintained in place by the gravity of small "shephard" moons within and outside the rings |
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Definition
| Saturn's rings are likely what? |
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Term
| False, only Saturn is visible from Earth, but all Jovian planets to have ring systems |
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Definition
| True or False: All Jovian planets have ring systems, and they all are visible from Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| The only planetary body of size in the solar system not visited at least once by a space craft of exploration from Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| an ice world that has .3% of the mass of Earth |
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Term
| Charon, which is almost the same size as Pluto |
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Definition
| what is Pluto's satellite? |
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Term
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Definition
| small, rocky, minor planets that orbit the Sun; most occur in a belt between Mars and Jupiter in a region of the solar system where a planet did not form; the pull of nearby Jupiter can cause orbital changes in them which causes them to collide and thus be pushed out of the asteroid belt and into other orbits, including Earth-crossing orbits |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: no two orbits of asteroids are exactly the same |
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Term
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Definition
| small rock bodies coated by ices, which mainly dwell outside the solar system in the Keiper belt and Oort cloud (beyond Pluto) |
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Term
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Definition
| come from the Keiper belt or Oort Cloud on orbits of 1000s of years in durations; most make one orbit of the Sun and if they survive.... |
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Term
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Definition
| originally came from the Kuiper belt or Oort cloud, but their orbits were changed by Jupiter so that they are now in orbits of a few 10s to 100s of year; they return periodically (eg. Halley's comet of 1834, 1910, 1986, 2061, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| small fragments (boulders to dust-size grains) that orbit the Sun |
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Term
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Definition
a meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere and burns up due to heat of entry causing a bright flash of light in the night sky (velocity= ~20 to 70 km/sec)
also called shooting stars |
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Term
| Nov. 13, 1833 (sketch was made by a guy traveling from New Orleans to Florida) |
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Definition
| when did the "stars fell on Alabama" happen? |
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Term
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Definition
| made of interlocking nickel-iron crystals |
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Term
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Definition
| made of interlocking nickel-iron crystals with embedded silicate mineral grains |
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Term
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Definition
| made of silicate minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| contain silicate minerals with a large amount of organic carbon and peculiar round objects called chondrules (early planetesimals?) and amino acids |
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