Energy:

Organisms use free energy for ...

... organization, growth, and reproduction.

Loss of order or free energy flow results in death.

Energy:

More free energy (ex. Food) than needed willbe ...

Energy:

Matter and energy are ...

... and entropy is ...

More organized or built up compounds have more ...

... NOT created but change form.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Ex: sun energy to bond energy in glucose

... increasing in disorganization of energy (i.e. heat released by cell respiration).

 ... free energy and less entropy (i.e. glucose) and less organized have less free energy and more entropy (i.e. CO₂)

Energy:

Reactions can be coupled to maintain a system.

What's an example?

Equation for

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration:

1. Makes ??? for ???
2. Uses ??? and ???
3. Creates waste products of ??? and ???
4. Occurs in ???
5. What electron carrier is used?

1. Makes ATP for cell use
2. Uses glucose and water
3. Creates waste products of carbon dioxide and water
4. Occurs in mitochondria
5. NADH is the electron carrier used.

Cellular Respiration:

Glycolysis

Where does it occur?

What is it responsible for?

• Occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic
• Rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP through substrate-level phosphorylation resulting in the production of pyruvate.

Cellular Respiration:

Kreb's Cycle

Where does it occur and how often?

A.k.a. what?

What occurs?

• occurs in the mitochondria matrix twice 
• per molecule of glucose
• a.k.a the citric acid cycle
• Pyruvate is oxidized further and CO₂ is released; ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD).  NADH and FADH₂ carry electrons to the electron transport chain.

Cellular Respiration:

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

and 

Chemiosmosis

So, what exactly happens?

1. The ETC captures electrons, pumping H⁺ ions into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria.
2. Electrons are accepted by O₂ molecule forming H₂O.
3. Concentration of H⁺ builds up w/in inter-membrane space lowering the pH and ions rush through ATP synthase into the mitochondria matrix.  Rush of ions "spins" ATP synthase protein, causing ADP P_i to join forming ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

Equation for

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis:

Photosynthetic organisms ... 

Photosynthesis:

Light-dependent reactions

(Photophosphorylation)

1. Photosystems I and II (chlorophyll and proteins) are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids of the grana).  They pass electrons through an ETC.  When electrons are passed they allow hydrogen ions (protons) across the thylakoid membrane.  The formation of the proton gradient powers the process of ATP synthesis to add a phosphate ADP to ATP (chemiosmosis).
2. Electrons are passed to NADP+ to make NADPH (electron carrier).
3. H2O is used and O2 is released as by-product.
4. Red and blue light works best (green is reflected typically).
5. Energy converted from sun into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to be used in building of sugar (Calvin Cycle).

Photosynthesis:

Light-independent reactions

(Calvin Cycle)

1. Carbon fixation occurs (carbons of CO2 are used to make sugar.
2. Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts.
3. ATP and NADPH generated by light-dependent reactions are used to assemble glucose.

• No oxygen; cell onl ygoes through glycolysis followed by fermentation
• Fermentation recycles NAD needed to restart glycolysis
• alcoholic fermentation example is yeast cells
• glucose -> ethyl alcohol + CO₂ + NAD⁺
• lactic acid fermentation example is muscle cells
• glucose -> lactic acid + NAD⁺
• Fermentation does not make ATP but glycolysis does
• 2 ATP; very inefficient; sufficient for microorganisms