Prokaryotic

(Bacteria)

• no membrane-bound organelles
• no nucleus (single, circular DNA)
• free ribosomes and cell wall

Eukaryotic

(all other living things)

• m.b.o., ex. Chloroplasts and nucleus
• multiple linear DNA
• histones on DNA

Cell Organelle:

Nucleus

holds DNA and nucleolus

[Ribosomal subunits are made in the nucleolus.]

Cell Organelle:

Mitochondria

• double membrane
• outer is smooth
• inside is folded w/ enzymes to make ATP
• site of cellular respiration
• glucose breakdown 

Cell Organelle:

Ribosome

• site of translation  >>> protein synthesis
• made of rRNA and protein

Cell Organelle:

E.R.

[Endoplasmic Reticulum]

• connected to nucleus
• allows for reactions
• membraneous
• smooth = lipids
• rough = proteins

Cell Organelle:

Golgi complex

• packaging in membrane
• signals for export

Cell Organelle:

Cytoskeleton

• microfilaments
• contractile protein, gives shape, movement w/in cell
• microtubules
• centrioles, cilia, flagella, spindle fibers

Cell Organelle:

Vacuoles / Vesicles

• water and solutes
• large and central in plants

Cell Organelles

in ANIMALS

• Lysosomes contain enzymes and are used for intracellular digestion and apoptosis
• Centrioles are used in cell division

Cell Organelles

in PLANTS

• Chloroplast
• has a double membrane
• site of photosynthesis (glucose synthesis
• Cell Wall
• middle lamella - pectin
• primary cell wall - cellulose
• secondary cell wall - ligin

related to cell organelles:

Endosymbiont Theory

All eukaryotic cells came from bacterial cells that lived together.

Proof:  All chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and are autonomous.

Cell Membrane:

Phospholipid Bilayer

• selectively permeable
• amphipathic

Cell Membrane:

Fluid Mosaic Model

• in motion
• proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids among phospholipids
• Membrane is hydrophilic on inside and outside; hydrophobic w/in membrane

Cell Membrane:

Simple Diffusion

• from high to low concentration
• small and uncharged move freely through phospholipids
• Ex: CO₂ and O₂
• passive; no energy; no protein carrier

Cell Membrane:

Facilitated Diffusion

• large or charged from high to low; passive
• w/ protein carrier
• Ex: glucose, K+

Cell Membrane:

Active transport

• from low to high concentration
• uses ATP
• uses a protein

Cell Membrane:

Endocytosis

• phagocytosis (solid) 
• pinocytosis (liquid)
• membrane surrounds and forms vesicles
• receptor mediated endocytosis has receptors on surface

Cell Membrane:

Exocytosis

• release of material using vesicles fusing w/ membrane

Cell Membrane:

Osmosis

• diffusion of water using a selectively permeable membrane
• passive
• no proteins

Cell Membrane:

Water Potential

•  = pressure potential + solute potential
• water moves from high water potential to low water potential
• solutes always lower water potential
• pressure can increase or decrease depending on if it is negative or positive

Cell Membrane:

turgor pressure

Cell Membrane:

Hypertonic solutions

high solute concentration

Cell Membrane:

hypotonic solutions

Cell Membrane:

isotonic solutions

Cell Membrane:

high surface area

Nervous System:

Function

• sensory input
• motor function
• regulation

Nervous System:

Structure

• neuron: nerve cell; fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across is plasma membrane
• axon: a typically long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells
• dendrite: one of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons  
• synapse:  junction where one neuron communicates w/ another cell across a narrow gap; neurotransmitter molecules released by the neuron diffuse across the synapse, relaying messages to the other cell

Nervous System:

polarized neuron

Nervous System:

Depolarization

Nervous System:

Repolarization

exchanges Na⁺ and K⁺ through

the sodium-potassium pump

Nervous System:

At synapse, ??