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Coms 101 Final
Ausmus
159
Debate/Speech
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2008

Additional Debate/Speech Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
persuasion
Definition
the art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for our point of view
Term
Reluctant witness
Definition
a witness who testifies against their apparent self interest
Term
proof
Definition
an interpretation of evidence that provides a good reason for listeners to agree with the speaker
Term
logos
Definition
a form of proof that makes rational appeals based of facts and figures and expert testimony
Term
pathos
Definition
proof relying on appeals to emotions
Term
ethos
Definition
a form of proof that relies on the audience's perception of a speaker's competence, character, good will, and dynamism
Term
mythos
Definition
a form of proof that connects a subject to the culture and tradition of a group of narratives
Term
initial credibility
Definition
the audience's assessment of your ethos before you begin your speech
Term
Emerging Credibility
Definition
The changes in the audience's assessment of ethos that occur as you present your speech
Term
terminal credibility
Definition
The audience's assessment of your ethos after you have made a presentation
Term
Reasoning from principle
Definition
Argumentative reasoning that is based upon shared principles, values, and rules sometimes called deductive reasoning
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
arguing from a general principle to a specific case
Term
major premise
Definition
the statement of a general principle on which an argument is based
Term
minor premise
Definition
the statement of a specific instance that relates to the general principle on which an argument is based
Term
conclusion
Definition
The ending of the speech which summarizes the message and leaves listeners with something to remember. Also, the final statement of the relationship between the major and minor premises of an argument.
Term
enthymeme
Definition
pattern of deductive reasoning as it occurs in persuasion about public issues
Term
reasoning from reality
Definition
emphasis on factual evidence in guiding one's general conclusions and decisions
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
reasoning from specific factual instances to reach a general conclusion
Term
reasoning from parallel cases
Definition
Presenting a similar situation and how it was handled as the basis of an argument often called analogical reasoning
Term
analogical reasoning
Definition
Creating a strategic perspective on a subject by relating it to something similar about which the audience has strong feelings
Term
data
Definition
the factual evidence in an argument
Term
claim
Definition
the conclusion the speaker draws based on the data in an argument. Also conclusions that go beyond factual statements to make judgments about their subjects.
Term
Warrant
Definition
The principle that justifies moving from data to claim in an argument
Term
fallacies
Definition
errors in reasoning that make persuasion unreliable
Term
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Definition
The assumption that once something happens, an inevitable trend is established that will lead to disastrous results
Term
Confusion of fact and opinion
Definition
A misuse of evidence in which personal opinions are offered as though they were facts, or facts are dismissed as though they were opinion.
Term
red herring fallacy
Definition
the use of irrelevant material to divert attention
Term
myth of the mean
Definition
the deceptive use of statistical averages in speeches
Term
flawed statistical comparisons
Definition
statistical reasoning that offers fallacious conclusions by comparing unequal or unlike situations
Term
ad hominem fallacy
Definition
an attempt to discredit a position by attacking the people who favor it
Term
begging the question
Definition
assuming that an argument has been proved without actually presenting the evidence
Term
shaky principle fallacy
Definition
A reasoning error that occurs when an argument is based on a faulty premise
Term
Omitted qualifiers
Definition
A reasoning error that occurs when a persuader claims too much confusing probability with certainty
Term
Post Hoc Fallacy
Definition
A deductive error in which one event is assumed to be the cause of another simply because the first preceded the second
Term
Hasty Generalization
Definition
An error of inductive reasoning in which a claim is made based on insufficient or nonrepresentative information.
Term
Non Sequitur Fallacy
Definition
A deductive error occurring when conclusions do not follow from the premises that precede them
Term
Faulty Analogy
Definition
A comparison drawn between things that are dissimilar in some important way
Term
Either of Thinking
Definition
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker suggests that there are only two options, and one is desirable.
Term
Straw man fallacy
Definition
Understating, distorting, or otherwise misrepresenting the position of opponents for ease of refutation.
Term
audience demographics
Definition
observable characteristics of listeners, including age, gender, educational level, group affiliation and sociocultural backgrounds.
Term
audience dynamics
Definition
The motivations, attitudes, beliefs, and values that influence the behavior of listeners.
Term
Attitudes
Definition
Feelings we have developed toward specific kinds of subjects
Term
Beliefs
Definition
What we know or think we know about subjects
Term
Values
Definition
The moral principles that suggest how we should behave or what we see as an ideal state of being.
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
Generalized pictures of a race, gender, or group that supposedly represent its essential characteristics
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at and doing things is right and that other perspectives have less value.
Term
Sexism
Definition
Allowing gender stereotypes to control interactions with members of the opposite sex
Term
Gender Stereotyping
Definition
Generalizations based on oversimplified or outmoded assumptions about gender roles.
Term
Sexist Language
Definition
Making gender references in situations in which the gender is unknown, irrelevant, or using masculine nouns or pronouns when the intended reference is to both sexes.
Term
Symbolic Racism
Definition
An indirect form of racism that employs code words and subtle, unspoken contrast to suggest that one race is superior to another.
Term
Preliminary Tuning Effect
Definition
The effect of precious speeches or other situational factors in predisposing an audience to respond positively or negatively to a speech.
Term
Discovery Phase
Definition
Phase of the speech topics that identifies large topic areas.
Term
Exploration Phase
Definition
Phase of the process of finding speech topics that involves the close examination of large topic areas to identify more precise topics that might be developed.
Term
Refinement Phase
Definition
Identifying the general and specific purpose of a speech topic and framing its thesis statement
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
Technique that encourages the free play of the mind
Term
Topoi of Topic Discovery
Definition
Probe questions used to stimulate the mind during topic exploration, centering on places, people, activities, things, events, ideas, values, problems, and campus concerns.
Term
Interest Chart
Definition
Visual display of a speaker's interest, as prompted by certain probe questions
Term
Topic Area Inventory Chart
Definition
A means of determining possible speech topics by listing topics you find interesting and subjects your audience finds interesting and then matching them
Term
Media Prompts
Definition
Sources such as newspapers, magazines, and the electronic media that can suggest ideas for speech topics.
Term
Mind Mapping
Definition
Changes customary patterns of thinking in order to free our minds for creative exploration.
Term
Topic Analysis
Definition
Using questions often employed by journalists to explore topic possibilities for speeches.
Term
General Purpose
Definition
The speaker's overall intention to inform or persuade listeners, or to celebrate some person or occasion.
Term
Specific Purpose
Definition
The speakers particular goal or the response that the speaker wishes to evoke
Term
Thesis
Definition
Summarizes in a single sentence the message of your speech
Term
Topic Briefing
Definition
Prospectus for a speech or series of speeches you propose to give.
Term
Information Literacy
Definition
The skills one needs to locate information efficiently and to evaluate what one learns
Term
Responsible Knowledge
Definition
An understanding of the major features, issues, information, latest developments, and local applications relevant to a topic.
Term
General Search engine
Definition
An internet search engine that allows you to enter a key word and find related web sites.
Term
Meta Search Engine
Definition
A search engine that combines results from several general search engines
Term
Subject Directory
Definition
An organized list of links to websites on specific topics
Term
Invisible Web
Definition
High quality databases generally not included in the searches conducted by search engines
Term
Boolean Search
Definition
Techniques that can help one limit or expand research on the internet.
Term
Advocacy Website
Definition
A website whose major purpose is to change attitudes or behaviors.
Term
information website
Definition
A web site designed to provide factual information on a subject
Term
personal website
Definition
a website designed and maintained by an individual; contains whatever that person wishes to place on it.
Term
authority
Definition
criterion for evaluating the credentials of the author
Term
accuracy
Definition
Criterion for evaluating the correctness of information by checking it against other information
Term
Objectivity
Definition
Criterion for evaluating whether or not a source is free from bias
Term
Currency
Definition
Criterion for evaluating whether or not the information on a website is up to date
Term
Coverage
Definition
Criterion for evaluating the breadth of information on a topic
Term
probes
Definition
Questions that ask someone being interviewed to elaborate on a response
Term
mirror questions
Definition
questions that repeat part of a previous response to encourage further discussion
Term
Verifier
Definition
A statement by an interviewer confirming the meaning of what has just been said by the person being interviewed
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
A comment or action that encourages further communication from someone being interviewed
Term
Source Cards
Definition
Records kept of the author, title, place, and date of publication, and page references for each research source
Term
Information Cards
Definition
Research notes on facts and ideas obtained from an article or book
Term
Speeches that focus on fact
Definition
Speeches designed to establish the validity of past or present information or to make predictions about what is likely to occur in the future
Term
Predictions
Definition
Forecasts of what we can expect in the future of ten based on projections of trends from past occurences
Term
Speeches that address attitudes beliefs and values
Definition
Speeches designed to modify these elements and help listeners find harmony among them
Term
Cognitive dissonance
Definition
The discomfort we feel because of conflict among our attitudes, beliefs, and values
Term
Speeches that advocate action
Definition
Speeches that encourage listeners to change their behavior either as individuals or as members of a group
Term
debate
Definition
The class of opposing ideas, evaluations, and policy proposals on a subject of concern
Term
awareness
Definition
The first stage in the persuasive process includes knowing about a problem and paying attention to it.
Term
understanding
Definition
The second phase in the persuasive process requires that listeners grasp the meaning of the speakers message
Term
agreement
Definition
The third stage in the persuasive process, which requires that listeners accept a speaker's recommendations and remember their reasons for doing so.
Term
enactment
Definition
The fourth stage of the persuasive process in which listeners take appropriate action as the result of agreement
Term
integration
Definition
Final stge of the persuasive process in which listeners connect new attitudes and commitments with previous beliefs and values to ensure lasting change
Term
Co-Active Approach
Definition
A way of approaching reluctant audiences in which the speaker attempts to establish goodwill, emphasizes shared values, and sets modest goals for persuasion.
Term
Boomerang Effect
Definition
A possible audience's reaction to a speech that advocates too much change
Term
Great expectation fallacy
Definition
The mistaken idea that major change can be accomplished by a single persuasive effort
Term
Multisided Presentation
Definition
A speech in which the speakers position is compared favorably to other positions
Term
Inoculation effect
Definition
Preparing an audience for an opposing argument by answering it before listeners have been exposed to it.
Term
Sleeper effect
Definition
A delayed reaction to persuasion
Term
Problem Solution design
Definition
A persuasive speech pattern in which listeners are first persuaded that they have a problem and then are shown how to solve it
Term
Stock Issues
Definition
The major general questions a reasonable person would ask before agreeing to a change in policies or procedures
Term
Motivated Sequence design
Definition
A persuasive speech design that proceeds by arousing attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying the need, visualizing results, and calling for action.
Term
Refutative Design
Definition
A persuasive speech design in which the speaker tries to raise doubts about, damage, or destroy an opposing position
Term
Denotative meaning
Definition
The dictionary definition or objective meaning of a word
Term
Connotative meaning
Definition
The emotional, subjective, personal meaning that certain words can evoke in listeners.
Term
jargon
Definition
Technical language related to a specific field that may be incomprehensible to a general audience
Term
Euphemism
Definition
Sometimes humorous use of words to soften or evade the truth of a situation
Term
Doublespeak
Definition
Using words that point in the direction opposite from the reality they should be describing
Term
Amplification
Definition
The art of developing ideas by finding ways to restate them in a speech
Term
Slang
Definition
The language of the street.
Term
Malapropism
Definition
Language errors that occur when a word is confused with another word that sounds like it
Term
maxims
Definition
Brief and particularily apt sayings
Term
cultural sensitivity
Definition
The respectful appreciation of diversity within an audience
Term
figurative language
Definition
The use of words in certain surprising and unusual ways in order to magnify the power of their meaning
Term
metaphor
Definition
Brief, concentrated form of comparison that is implied and often surprising. It connects elements of experience that are not usually related in order to create new perspective
Term
Enduring Metaphors
Definition
Metaphors of unusual power and popularity that are based on experience that lasts across time and that crosses many cultural boundaries
Term
simile
Definition
A language tool that clarifies something abstract by comparing it with something concrete; usually introduced by as or like
Term
personification
Definition
a figure of speech in which nonhuman or abstract subjects are given human qualities
Term
Culturetypes
Definition
Terms that express the values and goals of a group's culture
Term
ideographs
Definition
Compact expressions of a group's basic political faith
Term
antithesis
Definition
A language technique that combines opposing elements in the same sentence or adjoining sentences
Term
inversion
Definition
Changing the normal order of words to make statements memorable
Term
parallel construction
Definition
Wording points in the same way to emphasize their importance and to help the audience remember them
Term
alliteration
Definition
The repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely connected words
Term
onomatopoeia
Definition
The use of words that sound like the subjects they signify
Term
Integrated Communication
Definition
An ideal, harmonius convergence of voice, body language, and speech content to produce a self reinforcing interplay of meanings.
Term
presentation
Definition
The act of offering a speech to an audience, integrating the skills of nonverbal communication with the speech content.
Term
expanded conversational style
Definition
A presentational quality that, while more formal than everyday conversation, preserves its directness and spontaneity
Term
immediacy
Definition
a quality of successful communication achieved when the speaker and audience experience a sense of closeness.
Term
pitch
Definition
The position of a human voice on the musical scale
Term
habitual pitch
Definition
The vocal level at which people speak most frequently
Term
Optimum pitch
Definition
The level at which people can produce their strongest voice with minimal effort and that allows variation up and down the musical scale
Term
Rate
Definition
The speed at which words are uttered
Term
rhythm
Definition
Rate patterns of vocal presentation within a speech
Term
Vocal Distractions
Definition
Filler words such as um and like used in the place of a pause
Term
articulation
Definition
The manner in which individual speech sounds are produced
Term
Enunciation
Definition
The manner in which individual words are articulated and pronounced in context
Term
pronunciation
Definition
The use of correct sounds and of proper stress on syllables when saying words
Term
dialect
Definition
A speech pattern associated with an area of the country or with a cultural or ethnic background
Term
Body Language
Definition
Communication achieved using facial expressions, eye contact, movements and gesture.
Term
proxemics
Definition
The study of how human beings use space during communication
Term
distance
Definition
Principal of proxemics involving the control of space.
Term
elevation
Definition
Principle of proxemics dealing with power relationships implied when speakers stand above listeners
Term
Impromptu Speaking
Definition
A talk delivered with minimal or no preperation
Term
PREP formula
Definition
A technique for making an impromptu speech; state a point, give a reason or example, and restate the point.
Term
Memorized text presentations
Definition
Speeches that are committed to memory and delivered word for word
Term
manuscript presentation
Definition
a speech read from a manuscript
Term
extemporaneous presentation
Definition
A form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written or or memorized
Term
feedback
Definition
Speaker's perception of how audience members react to the message both during and after its presentation
Term
epistemology
Definition
study of knowledge
Term
phonemes
Definition
Basic unit of sound
Term
morphemes
Definition
words
Term
syntax
Definition
grammatical rules
Term
semantics
Definition
meaning of words
Term
pragmatics
Definition
intentions or context
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