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| A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created |
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| a question to which there are only two possible answers |
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| a message that can only be one of two possible values |
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| A contraction of "Binary Digits". A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1 |
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| (sometimes written bit rate) the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. e.g.8 bits/seconds |
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| A set of rules and standards governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices. |
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| Transmission capacity measure by bit rate |
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| Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver. |
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| ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII is the universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand. |
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| to write code, or to write instructions for a computer. |
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| Request For Comments(RFC) |
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| A formal document from the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) that is the result of committee drafting and subsequent review by interested parties. Some RFCs are informational in nature, documents are how standards and protocols are defined and published for all to see on the IETF website. |
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| A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet. |
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| Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information. |
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| a computer, device which receives messages travelling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destinations based on the addressing information included with the message. |
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Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It manages all the sending and receiving of Data Packets, like a dependable mail service.
Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
Transmission Control Protocol - provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing. |
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| Domain Name Server, System: the Internet's system for converting alphabetic url names into numeric IP address. |
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| Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol used by the World Wide Web. It describes how messages are formatted and interchanged, and how web servers respond to commands. |
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| Reducing information and detail to focus on essential characteristics. |
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| A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data. |
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| A computer that requests data stored on a server. |
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| The principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers. |
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| Internet censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative. ... Other areas of censorship include copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscene material. Support for and opposition to Internet censorship also varies. |
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| Computer and network surveillance is the monitoring of computer activity and data stored on a hard drive, or data being transferred over computer networks such as the Internet. The monitoring is often carried out covertly and may be completed by governments, corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. |
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Unit 2
Digital Information |
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| Encoding and Compressing Complex Information |
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| a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible. |
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| a type of data that is used for graphics or pictures |
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Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image may include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution. |
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| Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image. |
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| Hexadecimal Number System |
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| A Base 16 numbering system. A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols — 0-9 and A-F — which can occur in each place value. |
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| A compression scheme in which every bit of the original data can be recovered from the compressed file. |
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| A compression scheme in which “useless” or less-than-totally-necessary information is thrown out in order to reduce the size of the data. The eliminated data is unrecoverable. |
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| Removing unnecessary details to focus on the essential characteristics. To break problems up into separate parts which can then be solved separately and recombined to form a complete solution. To focus on and use something based only on what it does and without concern for how that functionality is accomplished. |
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| A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation. |
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| A document providing background information about a dataset |
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| Abbreviation of "comma-separated values," this is a widely-used format for storing data |
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| The original data as it was collected |
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| A table of aggregate information about a dataset (e.g., the average, sum, count of some values). |
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A table that summarizes information about some larger dataset. It typically consists of performing computations like sums, averages, and counts on higher level groupings of information. The intent is to summarize lots of data into a form that is more useful, and easier to "see".
Pivot Table: The tool used by most spreadsheet programs to create a summary table. |
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A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Count, Sum, Max, Median, etc.
For example, if some dataset contained information about how many hours of television people watched and included their age, you could "aggregate the data by age" and compute the average hours watched for each age group. You could also "aggregate by hours of TV watched" and compute the average age for each number of hours. |
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A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer and are implemented using programming languages. (NOTE: this is the definition from the AP CS Principles framework). |
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| Low Level Programming Language |
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it deals with the computer’s hardware. A programming language that captures only the most primitive operations available to a machine. Anything that a computer can do can be represented with combinations of low level commands.
Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language, |
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| High Level Programming Language |
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A programming language with many commands and features designed to make common tasks easier to program. Any high level functionality is encapsulated as combinations of low level commands.
Ex. C, C++, Fortran, Pascal, Swift, BASIC, Visual Basic, |
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