Term
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Definition
Portable Document Format
This is a file format developed by Adobe Systems in 1992. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications, making it possible to send formatted documents and have them appear on the recipient’s monitor or printer as they were intended. This is because a PDF will maintain the original fonts, images, graphics as well as the exact layout of the file. |
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Definition
| A novel or improved idea, device, product, etc, or the development thereof. |
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Term
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Definition
| A computer is a programmable machine. A computer responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and executes pre recorded instructions. |
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Term
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Definition
A computer. A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data.
Example: a DNS server awaits and responds to requests for urls to be translated to IP addresses |
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Term
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Definition
| A groups of computers and servers that are connected to each other. |
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Term
| ISP:Internet Service Provider |
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Definition
An ISP is your gateway to the Internet and everything else you can do online; a company that provides subscribers access to the Internet.
ISP. Examples:Verizon, ATT, Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, |
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Term
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Definition
A computer that requests data stored on a server.
Example: When you type an address into your browser, your computer is the client and it sends the request to the DNS server. |
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Term
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Definition
A program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form Web pages to users, in response to their request, which are forwarded by their computers’ HTTP clients.
Dedicated computer and appliances may be referred to as a Web servers as well.
Web servers are computers on the internet that deliver(store) web pages. Every web server has an IP address and possibly a domain. |
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Term
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Definition
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
A computer and storage device dedicated in storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server. |
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Term
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Definition
| A server that sits between a client application, such as a web browser, and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request ot the real server. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of using a network of remote servers from data centers all over the world hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cloud server hosting is when hosting services are made available to customers on demand via the internet. Rather than being provided by a single server or virtual server, cloud server hosting services are provided by multiple connected servers that comprise a cloud. |
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Term
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Definition
| A program that handles all application operations between users and an organization’s backend business applications or databases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single computer in a network reserved for serving the needs of the network. For example, some networks require that one computer be set aside to manage communications between all the other computers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A computer system that processes database queries |
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Term
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Definition
A way of representing information using only two options, usually 0’s and 1’s.
Yes/No
True/False |
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Term
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Definition
| Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of rules and standards used to communicate between machines. |
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Term
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Definition
| HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| HTML HyperText Markup Language) is the language in which the content and formatting of a web page are written. |
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Term
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Definition
| American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII is the university recognized raw text format that any computer can understand. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A contraction of “Binary Digit.” A bit is the single unit of information in a computer typically represented as 0 or 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| To write code, or to write instructions telling the computer what to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internet Engineering Task Force - Develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite. |
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Term
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Definition
| the Internet Society strives to make the world a better place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uniform Resource Locator: An easy-to-remember address for calling a web page (like www.code.org). |
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Term
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Definition
DNS, TCP, IP, and Physical Internet
Code.org’s stack |
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Term
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Definition
| Domain Server Name or Domain Name Service: The service that translates URLs to IP addresses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmission Control Protocol - Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of stream of packets in the internet. TCP is tightly lightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks and are located at gateways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmission capacity measure by bit rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A contraction of “Binary Digit.” A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| A byte is a sequence of 8 bits processed as a single unit of information. |
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Term
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Definition
A byte is 8 bits since it was used to refer to groups of 8-bits that a
computer was processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding and optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| A data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the |
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Term
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Definition
| Reducing information to a simpler form, to remove some details to focus on essential characteristics. It is typically possible to look at a system at many levels of abstraction, depending on how many detail is necessary to approach the challenge at hand. To simplify things pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems. |
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Term
File Sizes
Bytes, KB, MB, GB ,TB |
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Definition
| A byte is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one alphanumeric character) processed as a single unit of information. A single letter or character would use one byte of memory (8 bits), two characters would use two bytes (16 bits). |
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Term
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Definition
| Put another way, a bit is either an ‘on’ or an ‘off’ which is processed by a computer processor, we represent ‘on’ as ‘1’ and ‘off’ as ‘0’. 8 bits are known as a byte, and it is bytes which are used to pass our information in its basic form - characters. |
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Term
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Definition
A byte is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one alphanumeric character) processed as a single unit of information. A single letter or character would use one byte of memory (8 bits), two characters would use two bytes (16 bits).
byte - A series of 8 binary bits that digitally represent a single character to the
computer. Example: 00000001 = 1 Learn more here.
kilobyte - Approximately 1,000 bytes. Learn more here.
megabyte - Approximately 1,000,000 bytes. Learn more here.
gigabyte - Approximately 1,000,000,000 bytes. Learn more here.
A byte is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one alphanumeric character) processed as a single unit of information. A single letter or character would use one byte of memory (8 bits), two characters would use two bytes (16 bits).
byte - A series of 8 binary bits that digitally represent a single character to the
computer. Example: 00000001 = 1 Learn more here.
kilobyte - Approximately 1,000 bytes. Learn more here.
megabyte - Approximately 1,000,000 bytes. Learn more here.
gigabyte - Approximately 1,000,000,000 bytes. Learn more here. |
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Term
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Definition
DNS: Translates a URL into an IP address. Note that a DNS request still is conducted over TCP/IP
TCP: Breaks larger messages into multiple packets and ensures all packets are received and ordered correctly |
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Term
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Definition
| A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data. Example: a DNS server awaits and responds to requests for urls to be translated to IP addresses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A computer that requests data stored on a server. Example: When you type an address into your browser, your computer is the client and it sends the requests to the DNS server. |
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Term
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Definition
| To save space, some information is thrown away |
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Term
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Definition
The dimensions by which you can measure how many pixels are on a screen.
640 x 480 |
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Term
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Definition
| Data the describs data. For example, a digital image may include metadata that describes the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short for “picture element” it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image. |
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Term
| Hexadecimal Number System |
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Definition
| A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols - 0-9 and A-F - which can occur in each place value |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Sum, Max, Min, Count. A Summary Table, Calculation Area. |
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Term
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Definition
| (or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg |
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Term
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Definition
| In spreadsheet software, it is the name of the tool used to create summary tables. |
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Term
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Definition
| A table that shows the results of aggregations performed data from a larger data set |
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Term
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Definition
| A single value of either TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
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Definition
| A “hard” problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time. |
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Term
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Definition
A programming language designed by Sun Microsystems that can be integrated into standard HTML pages to add some dynamic features.
Learn more here. |
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Term
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Definition
| An overarching term for the coding tasks involved in making a program respond to events by triggering functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| On-screen objects, like buttons, images, text boxes, pull down menus, radio buttons, check boxes, screens and so on.Input Controls: checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown lists, list boxes, buttons, toggles, text fields, date field. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value. |
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Term
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Definition
| Finding and fixing problems in your algorithm or program. |
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Term
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Definition
| The equality operator (sometimes read: “equal equal”) is used to compare two values, and returns to Boolean (true/false). Avoid confusion with the assignment operator “=”. |
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Term
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Definition
| The common programming structure that implements “conditional statements”. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dictates what portions of code can “see” or use a variable, typically derived from where the variable was first created. (See Global v. Local) |
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Term
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Definition
| Statements that only run under certain conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A programming construct used to repeat a set of commands (loop) as long as (while) a boolean condition is true. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any sequence of characters between quotation marks (ex: “hello”, “42”, “this is a string!”). |
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Term
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Definition
| An action that causes something to happen: click mouse, press a key, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| In JavaScript, an event triggered by pressing or releasing a key on the keyboard. For example: “keyup” and “keydown” are event types you can specify. Use event.key - from the “event” parameter of the onEvent callback function - to figure out which key was pressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need. |
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Term
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Definition
| Software that is intended to damage or disable computers, computer systems, and other software programs |
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Term
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Definition
| A typical looping construct designed to make it easy to repeat a section of code using a counter variable. The loop combines the creation of a variable, a boolean looping condition, and an update to the variable in one statement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. Example: 7 MOD 4 = 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| A description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A user interface element to use in HTML/JavaScript which acts as a digital canvas, allowing the programmatic drawing and manipulation of pixels, basic shapes, figures and images. |
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Term
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Definition
| A prediction made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that computing power will double every 1.2-2 years, it has remained more or less true ever since. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only :authorized” parties can read it. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher, you are trying to “crack” the encryption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action of doing something over and over again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The generic term for a technique (or algorithm) that performs encryption. In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. ... When using a cipher the original information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ciphertext is encrypted text. Plaintext is what you have before encryption, and ciphertext is the encrypted result. The term cipher is sometimes used as a synonym for ciphertext, but it more properly means the method of encryption rather than the result. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for encryption that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters |
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Term
| Random Substitution Cipher |
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Definition
| An encryption technique that maps each letter of the alphabet to a randomly chosen other letters of the alphabet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A business/corporate term for one-page document that summarizes a large, topic or plan. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of routines, protocols, and commands to help a programmer create software applications. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of commands/functions, typically with a shared purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text. |
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Term
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Definition
| A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The common programming structure that implements “conditional statements”. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generic term for a programming data structure that hold multiple items. |
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Term
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Definition
| To repeat in order to achieve, or get closer to, a desired goal. |
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Term
List 11
Models and Simulations |
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Definition
| A program which replicates or mimics key features of a real world event in order to investigate its behavior without the cost, time, or danger of running and experiment in real life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A command that can be set up to trigger a function when particular type of event occurs on a particular UI element. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select whether or not to run a certain block of statements. |
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Term
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Definition
A variable whose scope is “global” to the program, it can be used and updated by any part of the code. Its global scope is typically derived from the variable being declared (created) outside of any function, object, or method.
A program designed to run blocks of code or functions in response to specified events (e.g. a mouse clock). |
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Term
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Definition
| A program designed to run blocks of code or functions in response to specified events (e.g. a mouse clock). |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable with local scope is one that can only be seen, used and updated by code within the same scope. Typically this means the variable was declared (created) inside a function -- includes function parameter variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| To link together or join. Typically used when joining together text Strings in programming (e.g. “hello, “+name). |
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Term
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Definition
| The visual elements of an program through which a user controls or communications the application. Often abbreviated UI. |
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Term
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Definition
| All values in programming language have a “type” - such as a Number, Boolean, String - that dictates how the computer will interpret it. For example 7+5 is interpreted differently from “7” + “5”. |
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Term
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Definition
| A placeholder for a piece of information that can change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A function specified as part of an event listener; it is written by the programmer but called by the system as |
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Term
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Definition
| A data structure in JavaScript used to represent a list. |
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Term
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Definition
| A value sent back by a function to the place in the code where the function was called from - typically asking for value (e.g. getText(id)) or the result of calculation or computation of some kind. |
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Term
| Every Web Page Has Its Own URL |
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Definition
Examples
https://www.techterms.com
https://techterms.com/definition/internet |
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Term
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Definition
Stands for "Wireless Fidelity" and it refers to wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal.
Learn more here.
Stands for "Wireless Fidelity" and it refers to wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal.
Learn more here.
Stands for "Wireless Fidelity" and it refers to wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal.
Learn more here.
Stands for "Wireless Fidelity" and it refers to wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal.
Learn more here. |
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Term
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Definition
A wireless technology that enables communication between computer devices. It is primarily used for short range connections. Learn more here.
A wireless technology that enables communication between computer devices. It is primarily used for short range connections. Learn more here.
A wireless technology that enables communication between computer devices. It is primarily used for short range connections. Learn more here.
A wireless technology that enables communication between computer devices. It is primarily used for short range connections. Learn more here. |
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Term
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Definition
The dimensions by which you can measure how many pixels are on a screen.
640 x 480 |
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Term
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Definition
| Data the describs data. For example, a digital image may include metadata that describes the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short for “picture element” it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image. |
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Term
| Hexadecimal Number System |
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Definition
| A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols - 0-9 and A-F - which can occur in each place value. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Sum, Max, Min, Count. A Summary Table, Calculation Area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In spreadsheet software, it is the name of the tool used to create summary tables. |
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Term
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Definition
| A table that shows the results of aggregations performed data from a larger data set |
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Term
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Definition
| A single value of either TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
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Definition
| A “hard” problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
A programming language designed by Sun Microsystems that can be integrated into standard HTML pages to add some dynamic features.
Learn more here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing unnecessary details to focus on the essential characteristics. To break problems up into separate parts which can then be solved separately and recombined to form a complete solution. To focus on and use something based only on what it does and without concern for how that functionality is accomplished. |
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Term
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Definition
| A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A document providing background information about a dataset. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abbreviation of "comma-separated values," this is a widely-used format for storing data |
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Term
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Definition
| The original data as it was collected. |
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Term
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Definition
| A table of aggregate information about a dataset (e.g., the average, sum, count of some values). |
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Term
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Definition
A table that summarizes information about some larger dataset. It typically consists of performing computations like sums, averages, and counts on higher level groupings of information. The intent is to summarize lots of data into a form that is more useful, and easier to "see".
Pivot Table: The tool used by most spreadsheet programs to create a summary table. |
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Term
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Definition
A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Count, Sum, Max, Median, etc.
For example, if some dataset contained information about how many hours of television people watched and included their age, you could "aggregate the data by age" and compute the average hours watched for each age group. You could also "aggregate by hours of TV watched" and compute the average age for each number of hours. |
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Term
Algorithm:
Low level programming language: |
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Definition
A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer and are implemented using programming languages. (NOTE: this is the definition from the AP CS Principles framework).
It deals with the computer’s hardware. A programming language that captures only the most primitive operations available to a machine. Anything that a computer can do can be represented with combinations of low level commands.
Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language, |
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Term
| High level programming language: |
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Definition
A programming language with many commands and features designed to make common tasks easier to program. Any high level functionality is encapsulated as combinations of low level commands.
Ex. C, C++, Fortran, Pascal, Swift, BASIC, Visual Basic, |
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Term
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Definition
| To repeat in order to achieve, or get closer to, a desired goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting commands in correct order so computers can read the commands. |
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Term
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Definition
| a classic method for learning programming with commands to control movement and drawing of an on-screen robot called a "turtle". The turtle hearkens back to early implementations in which children programmed a physical robot whose dome-like shape was reminiscent of a turtle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again.
F(x) function (x)
Ex. The ellipse function and its parameters:
ellipse (200, 300, 350, 275) |
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Term
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Definition
| An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need. |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem-solving approach (also known as stepwise design) in which you break down a system to gain insight into the sub-systems that make it up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Application Program Interface. A collection of commands, protocols, tools, made available to a programmer to develop software |
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Term
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Definition
| a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A base-16 number system that uses sixteen distinct symbols 0-9 and A-F to represent numbers from 0 to 15. |
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