IPv6 extended the 32-bit address space of IPv4 to 128 bits, allowing up to ___ addresses. (pg. 425)

A. 2.04²⁴

B. 3.4 x 10³⁸

C. 2¹²⁸

D. 2.7 x 10⁷

C. IPv6 allows up to 2¹²⁸, or nearly 3.4 x 10³⁸.

The other two answers equal about 27 million, which the temperature of the sun's core in Fahrenheit.

An IPv6 address generally splits into two 64-bit sections. The first 64 bits is called the ___. The second 64 bits is called the ___. (pg. 427)

A.network prefix

B. interface ID

C. routing prefix

D. subnet ID

The network prefix of an IPv6 address consists of two parts, the ___ and ___. (pg. 427)

A. routing prefix

B. prefix delegation

C. subnet ID

D. interface ID

A. and C. A routing prefix describes the network address range of a route to the router. The subnet ID defines an administrative subnet of the network.

The interface ID is the second half of the IPv6 address as a whole.

A prefix delegation is a router configuration.

The IPv6 address that is used for communicating on a local network. (pg. 428)

A. subnet ID

B. unicast

C. link-local address

D. Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

C. When a computer running IPv6 first boots up, it gives itself a link-local address. The first 64 bits of a link-local address are always fe80::/10, followed by 54 zero bits (fe80:0000:0000:0000).

The subnet ID is one half of the network prefix, itself one half of an IPv6 address.

A link-local address is a unicast address, but the latter isn't specific to the former's role.

APIPA is the IPv4 equivalent to IPv6's link local address.

What is the difference between a unicast address and a global address? (pg. 429)

A. Unicast is where a single computer sends a message to a group of interested computers, while global is where the message is sent to all computers on the broadcast domain.

B. Unicast is unique to each host, while global can be shared by multiple hosts when routing outside the network.

C. Unicast is manually assigned and doesn't change, while global is assigned by the router and changes assignment periodically.

D. Unicast is used on the local network, while global is needed to get on the Internet.

Method of sending a packet to a group of interested computers. (pg. 431)

A. unicast

B. anycast

C. multicast

D. broadcast

C. Multicast addresses are reserved for one-to-many addresses, such as in video conferencing.

Unicast addresses are exclusive to a device.

Anycast addresses are shared by multiple hosts.

Broadcast addresses send frames to every other NIC on a network.

True or false:

IPv4 networks only use broadcast addresses, but IPv6 networks can use both broadcast and multicast addresses. (pg. 431)

ff02::1 is the multicast address for ___. (pg. 432)

A. All routers

B. Solicited node

C. All groups

D. All nodes

D. ff02::1 is the all-nodes multicast address.

ff02:2 is the all-routers address.

ff02::1:ffxx:xxxx is the solicited-node multicast address (with variable hex digits).

"All groups" is the same as saying all nodes. All systems on a network are members of this group, so it's like sending a broadcast address.

What is IPv6's utility protocol that performs the same functions as ARP in IPv4 and plays a role in SLAAC? (pg. 432 & 434)

A. DHCPv6

B. ICMP

C. APNIC

D. NDP

D. Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) performs many of the same functions as ARP, but does more as well.

NDP is implemented using ICMPv6.

DHCP has a role in IPv6 networks, but it doesn't perform the low-level jobs that NDP does.

APNIC is the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre, the Regional Internet Registry for Asia and the Pacific region.

The IPv6 process of finding a MAC address of a local host, given its IPv6 address. (pg. 433)

A. multicast address

B. neighbor solicitation

C. router solicitation

D. neighbor advertisement

B. Hosts use neighbor solicitation messages to request the MAC address of a target system, to inform the target system of its own MAC address, and to verify a system is still reachable.

A multicast address is when a single computer sends a message to a group of interested computers.

Router solicitation is used to find routers.

Neighbor advertisement is a sent in response to a neighbor solicitation.

IPv6 packet sent in response to a multicast solicitation packet, telling the requesting system the MAC address of the system it solicited. (pg. 433)

A. unicast address

B. neighbor advertisement

C. neighbor solicitation

D. multicast address

B. When a host receives a neighbor solicitation, it sends a neighbor advertisement in response, telling the requesting system the MAC address of the system it solicited.

A neighbor advertisement is a type of unicast address. If it were a neighbor solicitation, it would be a multicast address.

Query from a host to find routers and get information to configure itself. (pg. 433)

A. global unicast address

B. router solicitation

C. router advertisement

D. redirect

B. Router solicitation packets are always sent to the all-routers multicast address. They're just like neighbor solicitations, but for finding routers instead of hosts.

A global unicast address is what an IPv6-enabled device needs to get on the Internet.

Router advertisements are messages sent in response to router solicitations.

Redirects are sent to hosts from routers instead of the other way.

Router's response to a client's router solicitation, also sent at regular intervals, that gives the client information to configure itself. (pg. 434)

A. unicast adress

B. stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC)

C. router advertisement

D. redirect

C. Router advertisements contain important information about routers available on a local network.

Router advertisements are sent to a unicast address in certain circumstances.

A redirect sends a host to a different router, but doesn't necessarily help it configure itself.

SLAAC is a process that allows network clients to figure out their own addresses without the need of a DHCP server.

The process that enables network clients to determine their own IPv6 addresses without the need for DHCP. (pg. 434)

A. router solicitation

B. Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP)

C. stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC)

D. Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)

C. SLAAC leans on the neighbor-discovery process supported by NDP. Hosts in an IPv6 network can create their own link-local and global unicast addresses.

A host would use router solicitation to find routers on a network, not to figure out their own address.

Running both IPv4 and IPv6 on network devices at the same time. (pg. 442)

A. dual stack

B. aggregation

C. stateless address autoconfiguration

D. dynamic addressing

A. The dual stacking capability is part of the process enabling the world to slowly migrrate from IPv4 to IPv6.

Aggregation is used to combine subnets to use IP address space more efficiently.

Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) is the process that allows network clients to configure their own addresses.

Dynamic addressing refers to a computer receiving IP information automatically from a DHCP server.

4to6, 6to4 and 6in4 are all different examples of ___ that allow connectivity between IPv4 and IPv6 networks. (pg. 445)

A. tunneling standards

B. Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP)

C. tunnel brokers

D. network address translation (NAT)

A. Tunnel standards are necessary to get on an IPv6 network from a host with an IPv4 address, and vice versa.

A tunnel broker creates the actual tunnel and usually offers a custom-made endpoint client for you to use. TSP is an automatic configuration protocol that tunnel brokers can use.

In IPv6, a service that creates the actual tunnel and (usually) offers a custom-made endpoint client for you to use. (pg. 445)

A. tunnel broker

B. Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP)
C. 6in4

D. Tunnel Information and Control Protocol (TIC)

A. Tunnel brokers spare the need for making a manual connection. Many tunnel brokers take advantage of one of two automatic configuration protocols, TSP and TIC.

6in4 is an IPv6 tunneling standard that doesn't do any automatic setup.

Enables two IPv6 networks to connect over an IPv4 network. (pg. 446)

A. 4to6

B. overlay tunnel

C. NAT traversal

D. 6to4

B. An overlay tunnel encapsulates the IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers, transporting them across the IPv4 network, then decapsulating the IPv6 data.

4to6 and 6to4 are tunneling standards that allows IPv4 networks and IPv6 networks to connect. This is called NAT traversal.

What is the main benefit of IPv6 aggregation? (pg. 438)

A. It's backwards compatible and can be applied to IPv4 networks.

B. It enables users to combine multiple IPv6 addresses to increase their bandwidth and overall Internet speed exponentially.

C. It reduces the size and complexity of routing tables, allowing routers to work more efficiently.

D. Signals are increased with each router the packet travels through, allowing for greater distances over wireless networks.

C. Aggregation reduces the size and complexity of routing tables.

It can't be applied to IPv4; IPv4's address space is too fragmented.

The feature that allows for the combination of ports (not addresses) to increase speed and bandwidth is called link aggregation, not IPv6 aggregation.

What kind of DNS records do IPv6 addresses use? (441)

A. NS6

B. Av6

C. AAAA

D. A

C. AAAA are the equivalent of A records for IPv6. They're called this because 128-bit IPv6 records are four times the length of 32-bit IPv4 addresses.

I made up the other two answers.

True or false:

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a vital component of IPv6.

Downstream routers may, in theory, do what if their upstream router suddenly changes the IPv6 prefix it delegates to them? (pg. 434)

A. Send an all-nodes router advertisement so that clients can renumber.

B. Send a router redirect to tell their own downstream routers about the new prefix.

C. Fall back to IPv4 in order to be able to route traffic.

D. Use link aggregation to merge the two prefixes.

A. Clients should be able to adopt the new prefix by renumbering.

A redirect will only tell a host that there is a better route to use, not tell it to update its prefix.

If a router reverts to IPv4 on a network that isn't configured for dual stacking, it'll make for a bad time.

Link aggregation can merge ports to increase speed and bandwidth, not address prefixes.