Term
| Personality theories focus on.... |
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Definition
constructing a coherent picture of the individual and their major psychological processes
Investigating individual differences
-how people are different
investigating human nature
-how people are alike |
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Term
| When using counseling theories, do you seek to change their personality? |
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Definition
| No, you work within their personality framework. Personality changes very difficultly. |
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Term
| What are the 4 listening skills |
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Definition
Reflection
Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Summarizing |
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Term
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Definition
This particular skill addresses feelings
Ex. It Seems like you're angry
Ex. It sounds like this is very painful for you
You pick out their feelings from what they say
Ex. I can't imagine how upsetting that must be for you. |
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Term
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Definition
You are actually projecting back the content that the person just talked about
Ex. So when you left the house you went to your mom's. That must have been very scary for you. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clearing up a misunderstanding, or if you aren't sure about what a person says, you ask for clarity |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief overview combining the reflection and the paraphrase part. |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Structure of Personality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Primary source of psychic energy and instinct governed by the pleasure principal
- Largely Unconscious
- Biological
- All Id at birth
- Illogical, amoral, and driven to satisfy needs |
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Term
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Definition
Mediates between the ID and the real world. Also mediates between the ID and the SUPEREGO
- assists in using logic to meet needs
- Psychological
- governs and controls personality
- The Censor |
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Term
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Definition
represents an ideal, rather than realistic, view of reality.
- Inhibits ID and controls the EGO
- Social Component |
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Term
| Based on the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO, we experience three forms of anxiety |
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Definition
Reality -- fear of danger.
Neurotic -- fear that your instincts aren't right.
Moral -- fear that what you are doing isn't right. |
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Term
| Examples of Ego Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
Repression
Denial
Reaction Formation
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Sublimation
Regression
Introjection
Compensation |
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Term
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Definition
| excludes threatening or painful thoughts or feelings from conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| distorts reality by denying awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Defends against threatening impulse by expressing the opposite impulse. |
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Term
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Definition
| attributing unacceptable desires to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Directing energy from a threatening object or person to a safer object or person |
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Term
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Definition
| Manufacturing excuses for unacceptable thoughts and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| redirecting threatening energy into artistic or creative endeavors |
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Term
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Definition
| Assuming the roles and values of others who threaten you. Prisoner of war syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| developing positive traits to compensate for inferiorities. |
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Term
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Definition
| reverting to primitive or juvenile behaviors in the face of threatening thought or feelings |
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Term
| General Concepts of Psychoanalytic Theory |
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Definition
-People have a lot of anxiety. If they are in therapy, they probably have a lot of anxiety.
-Freud says that when you have anxiety, it is because there is turmoil between your id, ego, and superego. When your ego can't cope with the anxiety, that is when it uses defense mechanisms.
-A lot of it comes from the idea that what happens in your childhood effects what happens in your adulthood
-The psychoanalyst tries to help the client develop a therapeutic alliance (trusting relationship) in which the client will be able to free associate, allowing repressed, unconscious material to surface. |
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Term
| Freud's Stages of Development |
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Definition
Oral Stage 0-1 years
Anal Stage 1-3 years
Phallic Stage 3-6 years
Latency Stage 6-12 years
Genital Stage 12-18 years |
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Term
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Definition
0-1 years
-Infant learns that gratification comes from others.
-Lack of oral gratification may lead to oral fixations and mistrust and inability to form relationships
-Too much oral gratification may lead to greediness |
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Term
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Definition
1-3 years
-Child learns independence, power, and autonomy.
-Problems may lead to...
--Anal expulsive personality -- exhibiting cruelty, emotional outbursts, disorganization, self-confidence, (sometimes) artistic ability, generosity, rebelliousness and general carelessness.
--Anal retentive personality -- pays such attention to detail that the obsession becomes an annoyance to others, and can be carried out to the detriment of the anal-retentive person. |
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Term
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Definition
3-6 years
-Conflict arises when child discovers incestuous desire for opposite-sexed parent
-- Oedipus complex or Electra complex
-- Must be resolved for sex-role development |
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Term
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Definition
6-12 years
- Sexual interests replaced by social interests.
- Child learns to socialize |
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Term
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Definition
12-18 years
- Adolescent must learn to deal with rising sexual tensions |
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Term
| Psychotherapeutic Techniques |
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Definition
Free Association
Analyze Resistance
Analyze Transference
Dream Work |
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Term
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Definition
| Client says whatever comes into their mind, without censoring |
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Term
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Definition
| Help client become aware of unconscious material by exposing their ego defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowing client to react to analyst as if analyst were some significant figure in client’s life, in order to gain insight into unconsciousness and resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Analyzing dream for hidden or symbolic material representing unconsciousness |
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Term
| Current Status of Psychotherapy |
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Definition
-Treatment is lengthy, expensive, and not favored by insurance companies
-Traditional Psychoanalysis is still taught and practiced, but variants such as Ego Psychology, Object Relations, and Analytical Psychotherapy have evolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| The client does not cooperate. It is anything that works against the progress of therapy |
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Term
| General Ideas of Solution Focused Brief Therapy |
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Definition
-Focused on what is possible
-Focused on solving the problem, not understanding it.- -Claims there is no relationship between the cause of a problem and the solution
-Clients choose the goals they want to accomplish and spend little time on diagnosis or history taking
-Therapist helps clients recognize the competencies they possess |
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Term
| Therapeutic Techniques of Solution Focused Brief Therapy |
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Definition
-Therapist helps clients recognize the competencies they possess.
-Personal Consultation -- therapists facilitate conversations around the preferences and possibilities of their clients, to help them create a positive future.
-If what the client is currently doing is not working, encourage them to experiment with something different.
-Create well-defined goals
- Pre-therapy Change
- Miracle Question |
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Term
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Definition
| What have you done since calling to make an appointment that has made a difference in your problem? |
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Term
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Definition
| “If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?” |
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Term
| Who started Person-Centered Theory |
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Definition
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Term
| General Ideas of Person-Centered Theory |
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Definition
-Focuses on the person, not the person’s problem
-Focuses on the client’s growth process, so they can solve their own problems and be equipped to do so in the future |
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Term
| Key Terms having to do with Person-Centered Theory |
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Definition
Self-Actualization
Self-Concept
Ideal Self
Experience
Awareness
Availability of Awareness
Conditions of Worth
Congruence
Incongruence
Psychological Maladjustment
Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Term
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Definition
| The inherent tendency of a person o become all that he or she can become |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the values, attitudes, and beliefs that influence a person’s perception and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The self-concept a person would like to possess |
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Term
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Definition
| All that has happened to a person, whether or not they perceive it. |
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Term
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Definition
| What the person perceives that they are aware of. |
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Term
| Availability of Awareness |
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Definition
| The degree to which the person is able to consciously process experiences free of distortions |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain experiences that are perceived inaccurately or not perceived at all, because the person has been taught that they are only worthy under certain conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the compliance between ideal self and actual self |
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Term
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Definition
-a discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self
-In Person-centered theory, a person experiences anxiety when they become consciously aware of incongruence |
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Term
| Psychological Maladjustment |
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Definition
| When a person denies or distorts significant experiences from awareness |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| When someone accepts the person as he or she is |
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Term
| 6 Conditions of Person-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
-Two people in psychological contact
-Client explores incongruence
-Counselor is congruent
-Counselor experiences unconditional positive regard for the client
-Counselor experiences empathic understanding of client
-Counselor communicates empathic understanding and acceptance to the client. |
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Term
| Current Status of Person-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
| Was Very popular in the 70s, and is still widely used today |
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Term
| General Ideas of Adlerian Therapy |
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Definition
-Deals with a person’s attitudes and how they relate to their community
-Adler says that we are born with the desire to be a part of a group.
-Adler places a big emphasis on family of origin and birth order. |
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Term
| 5 basic tenets of Adlerian Therapy |
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Definition
-Behavior can best be understood holistically, in terms of its patterns or unity; Not reductionistically.
-All behavior is goal directed or purposeful, although the individual may not be consciously aware of the purpose of their behavior.
-Every Individual strives for superiority
-Every Individual strives for social acceptance and social belongingness.
-Each person interprets life in terms of his or her unique perceptions. |
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Term
| 4 phases to Adlerian Therapy |
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Definition
Phase 1 -- Establishing the Relationship
Earning trust through encouragement and acceptance
Phase 2 -- Exploring Individual Dynamics
Understanding the individual’s lifestyle, private logic, and faulty assumptions
Lifestyle assessment questionnaire
Early Recollections
Uncovering Priorities
Phase 3 -- Encouraging Insight
Tentative Interpretations or Hypotheses
Recognition Reflex
Phase 4 -- Re-Education and Reorientation
Learning to adopt a more constructive lifestyle |
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Term
| Oldest Child in Birth Order Theory |
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Definition
dependable and hard working.
Strives to keep ahead
Sometimes believes new sibling will rob them of love. |
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Term
| Second Child in Birth Order Theory |
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Definition
Feels as if in training to beat the first child
develops knack for finding elder’s weak spots
often opposite of 1st born |
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Term
| Middle Child in Birth Order Theory |
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Definition
Assumes a “poor me” attitude
Often a problem child
Sometimes a peacemaker |
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Term
| Youngest Child in Birth Order Theory |
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Definition
most pampered
tend to go their own way |
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Term
| Only Child in Birth Order Theory |
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Definition
high achievement drive
doesn’t learn to share or coopearte
Deals well with adults
Wants center stage |
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Term
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Definition
Encouragement
Natural Consequences
Logical Consequences
Paradoxical Intentions
Acting As If
Spitting In One's Soup
Push-Button Technique |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on the individual’s ability, internal evaluation, effort, and improvement. Focus on contributions instead of accomplishments |
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Term
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Definition
| Teach people responsibility by allowing them to experience the natural consequences of their actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teach people the need to obey rules for their own welfare and the welfare of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| You deserve to feel sorry for yourself, in fact, you need to start feeling even more sorry for yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Try acting as if you were unafraid and competent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pointing out the real motive or purpose of client’s behavior, in order to weaken its effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagine pleasant situation and note accompanying feeling. Now imagine your distressing situation and note feelings. Notice that you can control your feelings by what you think and imagine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosophy emphasizing existence of the individual person as both free and responsible for determining his or her own fate. |
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Term
| General Ideas of Existential Therapy |
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Definition
-Life is short
-We choose our actions
-Meaning is not bestowed upon us, but is the product of our own searching and discovery
-Existential anxiety -- the knowledge that we are responsible
-Feelings of loneliness, emptiness, isolation, and guilt are part of living
-Although we are basically alone and responsible for ourselves, we have the opportunity to connect and relate to others.
-More of a philosophical approach to therapy, not a psychotherapeutic process or set of techniques. |
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Term
| Existential Therapy Technique |
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Definition
Help the client to...
-find meaning in life
-relate to others
-take responsibility for themselves |
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Term
| Current Status of Existential Therapy |
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Definition
| Many therapists still use the philosophy, if not the techniques |
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Term
| General Ideas of Gestalt theory |
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Definition
Treats what a person sujectively feels and objectively observes as real.
A person differentiates self from other by connecting self and other They create a boundary between the two
Gestalt therapists focus on helping the client gain a higher level of awareness of self, environment, and relationship with others |
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Term
| Gestalt Therapeutic Techniques |
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Definition
Empty Chair Technique
Exaggeration Exercise
Guided Fantasy
Playing the Projection |
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Term
| Current Status of Gestalt Therapy |
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Definition
| Some of the techniques have gained favor among brief therapists and family therapists, because they focus on the here and now. |
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Term
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Definition
| The client speaks to an empty chair as if it were another person, or another part of the client. |
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Term
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Definition
| Counselor exaggerates mannerisms of client, or asks client to exaggerate mannerisms, in order to make client aware of true feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| Client is encouraged to visualize here and now experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| The client is asked to play the role of the person with whom they are not connecting with. |
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Term
| Theorists Behind Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
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Term
| General Ideas of Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
We behave in a certain way, because we have been conditioned to behave that way.
Behavioral Analysis |
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Term
| Concepts of Behavioral Analysis |
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Definition
-Behaviorally define the concern
-Break into specific behaviors
-Choose specific behavior and set a behavioral goal
-How often does the behavior occur, and under what circumstances?
-What occurs before, during, and after the behavior that may contribute to the behavior?
-What environmental antecedents and consequences can be modified?
-Choose behavioral technique to reduce or increase specified behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Premack Principal
Contingency Contracting
Punishment
Extinction
Restitution
Reinforcing Incompatible Behaviors
Timing
Shaping
Fading
Generalization
Modeling
Role-Playing |
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Term
| Schedules of Reinforcement |
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Definition
Fixed Interval
--rewarded for every 3 occurrences of behavior
Variable Interval
--rewarded for behavior every 3 minutes
Fixed Ratio
--Rewarded on average for every 3 occurrences of behavior
Variable Ratio
--Rewarded for behavior on average every 3 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
If response B occurs more often than A, then use B to reinforce A
if you eat your vegetables, you can have dessert |
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Term
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Definition
| If target behaviors occur as specified, then agreed upon rewards are delivered |
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Term
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Definition
| If target behavior occurs, punishment follows |
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Term
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Definition
| Cease rewarding behavior until it no longer occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Correcting or overcorrecting inappropriate behavior. |
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Term
| Reinforcing Incompatible Behaviors |
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Definition
| Reduce undesired behavior by rewarding incompatible behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce inappropriate behavior by removing child from reinforcing situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Using successive approximations to reward behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual removal of cues or rewards until child can perform behavior on own. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transferring learned skill in one situation to another situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstrating desired behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowing person to attempt the desired behavior in safe environment |
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Term
| Current Status of Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| Everyone uses these techniques, whether they call them behavioral techniques or not. However, you have to have more control than you usually actually possess, to perform Behavioral therapy effectively. |
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Term
| Theorists Behind Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| Albert Ellis and Timothy Beck |
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Term
| General Ideas of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
-It is what you think that causes you to feel a certain way
-It is what you think that causes you to do what you do.
-Therefore, change the way you think about your situation. |
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Term
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Definition
Activating Event -- loss of job
Belief -- I’ll never get another job
Consequence -- depression or hopelessness
Disputation -- Dispute irrational beliefs
Effect of Disputation -- Search for new job
Feelings -- you now how feelings of competence and value |
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Term
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Definition
Automatic Thoughts
Changing Language
Decastrophizing
Shame Attack
Socratic Dialogue
Stress Inoculation |
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Term
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Definition
| Challenge irrational assumptions using logic and evidence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anticipating worse-case-scenario and preparing for it through role play and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| Encouraging client to deliberately fail or draw unwanted attention in order to demonstrate that they can survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asking a series of questions leading client to inescapable conclusion that their beliefs are irrational |
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Term
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Definition
| Decatastrophizing with addition of relaxation exercises |
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Term
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Definition
| Most popular technique today |
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Term
| Person behind Reality Therapy |
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Definition
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Term
| General Ideas of Reality Therapy |
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Definition
Firmly based on Choice Theory
The goal of Reality Therapy is to help people reconnect |
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Term
| Techniques of Reality Therapy |
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Definition
Explore wants needs and perceptions
Focuses on what clients are currently doing
Client evaluates themselves
Get clients to commit to an action plan |
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Term
| General Ideas of Feminist Therapy |
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Definition
-The therapist-client relationship is viewed as egalitarian
-Inferior status of women is because they have less political and economic power than men
-Women’s pathology is social, not personal |
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Term
| Feminist Therapy Techniques |
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Definition
-Therapist shares their values with clients
-Therapeutic relationship is egalitarian
-Women are encouraged to be autonomous
-Women are taught to express themselves openly
-No diagnostic assessments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increasingly popular with family therapists |
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Term
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Definition
| Believes that it is impossible for a mental health provider to say what is “psychologically healthy” and what is not. |
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Term
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Definition
| when clients transfer onto the therapist, emotions developed at an early age toward significant people in their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the counselor’s unconscious, unmet emotional needs arise within the therapeutic relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| the person’s dark, unconscious, in Jungian theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term "Family Constellations" was first used by Alfred Adler, to refer to the phenomenon that each individual belongs to and is bonded in relationship to other members of his or her family system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in Adlerian theory, it involves asking clients to provide his or her earliest memories. |
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Term
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Definition
A concept in Glasser’s Reality Therapy
This is the world that we would like to live in if we could. It is completely based on our needs, but is specific, not general. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
-Behavioral procedure developed by Joseph Wolpe
-Clients are asked to imagine successively more anxiety-arousing situations at the same time they engage in a behavior that competes with anxiety. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in Solution focused therapy, it involves asking the client, “If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?” |
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Term
| General Ideas of Humanistic Theory |
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Definition
-All of the theories under this approach believe that the individual has the capacity to heal themselves, with guidance.
-The first thing to do is to establish a relationship.
-Non-directive and laid back.
-A collaborative effort between the client and the therapist |
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Term
| General Ideas of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
-Says we are very irrational. We immediately think irrationally, and we act through it.
-The therapist does not let them dwell on feelings and the irrational, they focus on changing the behavior.
-All therapists acknowledge feelings in the beginning, but the REBT therapist stops this early. |
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Term
| 5 purposes of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
1. The Code enables the association to clarify to current and future members, and to those served by members, the nature of the ethical responsibilities held in common by its members.
2. The Code helps support the mission of the association.
3. The Code establishes principles that define ethical behav-
ior and best practices of association members.
4. The Code serves as an ethical guide designed to assist members in constructing a professional course of action that best serves those utilizing counseling services and best promotes the values of the counseling profession.
5. The Code serves as the basis for processing of ethical complaints and inquiries initiated against members
of the association. |
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Term
| 8 sections of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A. The Counseling Relationship
B. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy
C. Professional Responsibility
D. Relationships With Other Professionals
E. Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
F. Supervision, Training, and Teaching
G. Research and Publication
H. Resolving Ethical Issues |
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Term
| 4 Stages of the Counseling Process |
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Definition
Initial
Middle
Final
Termination |
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Term
| Section A of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
Section A: Counseling Relationship
A1: Welfare of those served by Counselors
A2: Informed Consent
A3: Clients Served by Others
A4: Avoiding Harm and Imposing Values
A5: Roles and Relationships with Clients
A6: Roles and Relationships at Individual, Group, Institutional, and Societal Levels
A7: Multiple Clients
A8: Group Work
A9: End of Life Care for Terminally Ill Clients
A10: Fees and Bartering
A11: Termination and Referral
A12: Technology Applications |
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Term
| Section A1 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A1: Welfare of Those Served by Counselors
--Primary Responsibility is the welfare of Clients
--Records are accurate, timely, and corrected if wrong
--Have effective plans to meet client needs
--Help promote support network involvement
--Make sure client is in a job that fits their needs and beliefs |
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Term
| Section A2 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A2: Informed Consent
--Client has choice about the counseling relationship
--Counselor must review rights and responsibilities with Client
--When counseling minors or persons unable to give voluntary consent, the counselor attempts to include them in decision making as much as possible |
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Term
| Section A3 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A3: Clients Served by Others
-- If a counselor learns that their client has a professional relationship with another mental health provider, the counselor requests that the client allow them to collaborate with that other professional |
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Term
| Section A4 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A4: Avoiding Harm and Imposing Values
-- Avoid harming clients, trainees, and research participants
-- Counselors are aware of their own personal values, and avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals. |
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Term
| Section A5 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A5: Roles and Relationships with Clients
-- No sexual or romantic relationships with current clients, their partners, or family members
-- 5 years after the last therapeutic contact, sexual or romantic relationships are possible, if there is no way of saying that anything exploitative is going on
-- Nonprofessional interactions with clients etc. are okay if it is potentially beneficial to client. These must be documented in case records with rationale. If harm is caused, documented attempts at remedying harm must be attempted.
-- If the therapeutic relationship changes in any way, the counselor must provide new informed consent and opportunity for the client to refuse services related to the change.
-- |
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Term
| Section A6 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A6: Roles and Relationships at Individual Group, Institutional, and Societal Levels
-- Advocate for clients at the se levels
-- Counselors obtain client consent prior to advocating in a way that may break any confidentiality requirements |
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Term
| Section A7 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A7: Multiple Clients
-- When a counselor agrees to provide counseling services to two or more persons who have a relationship, the counselor clarifies at the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of the relationship. If it becomes apparent that the counselor may be called upon to perform potentially conflicting roles, the counselor will clarify, adjust, or withdraw from roles. |
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Term
| Section A8 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A8: Group Work
--Counselors screen prospective group counseling participants. You are looking for members with compatible goals, who will not impede the group process
--Counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical, emotional, or psychological trauma |
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Term
| Section A9 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A9: End of Life Care for Terminally Ill Clients
-- Counselors work to ensure high quality of care for clients, to allow clients as much self-determination as possible, to give client any possible opportunity to make their own decisions regarding care, and to provide complete and adequate assessment regarding their ability to make competent decisions
-- When learning that a terminally ill client wants to hasten their own death, the counselor has the option of breaking or not breaking confidentiality, depending on the laws and situation |
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Term
| Section A10 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A10: Fees and Bartering
-- Counselors cannot take private fees when the client is entitled to services through the counselor's agency or institution
-- consider financial status of client
-- Bartering may occur only if the relationship cannot be viewed as exploitative or harmful.
-- counselor can only received gifts when it is culturally accepted |
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Term
| Section A11 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
A11: Termination and Referral
-- Counselor cannot abandon client
-- If clients feel an inability to help a client, they must avoid continuing the relationship, but must refer to an appropriate source |
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Term
| Section A12 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
A12: Technology Applications
-- Counselor must inform the client of potential risks and benefits of using technology to provide therapeutic care and billing.
-- When doing distance counseling, the counselor does this appropriately and allows access to computer applications that are being used.
-- Counselor ensures that the uses of technology does not break any local, state, or national laws
-- Counselor provides a specific set of informed consent found in A.12.g of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Term
| Section B of the ACA Code Of Ethics |
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Definition
Section B: Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy
B1: Respecting Client Rights
B2: Exceptions
B3: Information Shared With Others
B4: Groups and Families
B5: Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent
B6: Records
B7: Research and Training
B8: Consultation |
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Term
| Section B1 of the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Definition
B1: Respecting Client Rights
- Counselors consider Cultural meanings of confidentiality and privacy.
- Counselors solicit private information only when it is beneficial to counseling relationship
- Counselors only share confidential information with client consent or sound legal or ethical reasons
- Counselor must explain limitations to confidentiality to clients |
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Term
| Section B2 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B2: Exceptions
- When client or identified others are in danger or when legally required, you can break confidentiality
- If third parties are at risk of contagious, life-threatening diseases
- Counselors work to limit what is shared in court, if possible
- Only essential information is shared, if an exception arises |
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Term
| Section B3 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B3: Information Shared with Others
- Counselors make sure subordinates keep private information private
- If a treatment team is being used, the client should know about it.
- Third party payers are given info only when clients have authorized disclosure.
- Counselors are careful about info sent through electronic devices
- Counselors protect confidentiality of deceased according to legal requirements |
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Term
| Section B4 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B4: Groups and Families
- Counselors explain importance of confidentiality to groups
- Counselors clearly define who is "the client" when doing couples or family counseling. Counselors discuss confidentiality in this setting. |
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Term
| Section B5 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B5: Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent
- We follow state and federal laws as they apply to minors and those without capacity to give informed consent
- Counselors explain role of confidentiality to parents/guardians. They also consider the role of the parent when deciding what should be shared and what should not. |
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Term
| Section B6 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B6: Records
- Records are kept in a secure location with only authorized persons having access.
- Counselors obtain permission from clients prior to recording
- Counselors obtain permission before allowing other professionals to read or view recorded information
- Clients have reasonable access to records and may have assistance understanding
- counselors obtain permission before transferring records
- Counselors dispose of records according to government regulations
- Counselors take precautions to protect client rights if their practice terminates or they die. |
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Term
| Section B7 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B7: Research and Training
- Counselors provide accurate information ab out research proposals to the institution
- Counselors are responsible for understanding and adhering to state and federal policies
- Information found in research is confidential |
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Term
| Section B8 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
B8: Consultation
- When consulting, counselors seek agreements among all parties involved concerning CI
- Information given in consultation is discussed for professional reasons only
- Counselors do not give information that may identify clients, when consulting |
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Term
| Section C of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
Section C: Professional Responsibility
C1: Knowledge of Standards
C2: Professional Competence
C3: Advertising and Soliciting Clients
C4: Professional Qualifications
C5: Nondiscrimination
C6: Public Responsibility
C7: Responsibility to Other Professionals |
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Term
| Section C1 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
C1: Knowledge of Standards
- Counselors are responsible for reading and following the ACA Code of Ethics |
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Term
| Section C2 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
C2: Professional Competence
- Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence
- Counselors practice under new specialty areas only after appropriate education, training, and supervised experience.
- Counselors accept employment for positions only if they are qualified by educ., training, and supervised exper.
- Counselors maintain and improve on effectiveness
- Counselors consult when they have questions regarding ethics
- Counselors refrain from giving care when they are impaired, for whatever reason |
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Term
| Section C3 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
C3: Advertising and Soliciting Clients
- Accurate representation of your services is required
- Counselors do not solicit testimonials from current or former clients
- Counselors ensure that statements made about them or their practice, by others, are accurate |
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Term
| Section C4 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
C4: Professional Qualifications
- Accurate representation
- Counselors only claim credentials or licenses that are current and in good standing
- Counselors differentiate between earned and honorary degrees
- Counselors do not refer to themselves as "Dr." in a counseling context when their doctorate is in an unrelated field.
- Counselors state the nature of their membership in associations |
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Term
| Section C5 of the ACA Code |
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Definition
C5: Non-Discrimination
- counselors do not discriminate in a manner that has a negative impact on persons. |
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Term
| Section C6 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
C6: Public Responsibility
- Counselors do not engage in or condone sexual harassment
- Counselors are accurate, honest and objective when reporting professional activities and judgments to third parties
- Counselors do not exploit others
- Counselors use treatments that are grounded in scientific foundation |
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Term
| Section C7 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
C7: Responsibility to Other Professionals
- When making personal public statements, the counselor clarifies that the statements are personal opinions, and not official perspectives of the profession. |
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Term
| Section D of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
Section D: Relationships with Other Professionals
D1: Relationships with Colleagues, Employers, and Employees
D2: Consultation |
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Term
| Section D1 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
D1: Relationships with Colleagues, Employers, and Employees
- Counselors are respectful of approaches to counseling that differ from their own.
- Counselors maintain a good relationship with other disciplines, in order to best serve clients
- Deliver multi-faceted care when it best serves the clients
- Counselors clarify their roles when serving in judicial or administrative proceedings
- Counselors alert employers of inappropriate policies or practices
- Counselors do not harass or dismiss an employee who has acted in responsibly or ethically |
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Term
| Section D2 of the ACA Code |
|
Definition
D2: Consultation
- Counselors ensure they have resources and competencies when providing consultation services
- Consultors seek to understand what consultees' problem is and what their goals are
- Counselors review, in writing, informed consent when providing consultation |
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Term
| Section E of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
Section E: Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretations
E1: General
E2: Competence to Use and Interpret Assessment Instruments
E3: Informed Consent in Assessment
E4: Release of Data to QPs
E5: Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
E6: Instrument Selection
E7: Conditions of Assessment Administration
E8: Multicultural Issues/Diversity in Assessment
E9: Scoring and Interpretation of Assessments
E10: Assessment Security
E11: No use of obsolete or outdated Assessments
E12: Scientific Assessment Construction
E13: Forensic Evaluation and Evaluation for Legal Proceedings |
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Term
| Section F of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
Section F: Supervision, Training, and Teaching
F1: Counselor Supervision and Client Welfare
F2: Counselor Supervision Competence
F3: Supervisory Relationships
F4: Supervisor Responsibilities
- include supervisee in informed consent
F5: Counseling Superivision Evaluation, Remediation, and endorsement
F6: Responsibilities of Counselor Educators
F7: Student Welfare
F8: Student Responsibilities
F9: Evaluation of Students
F10: Roles and Relationships between counselor educators and students
F11: Multicultural/Diversity Competence in counselor education and training programs |
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Term
| Section G of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
Section G: Research and Publication
G1: Research Responsibilities
G2: Rights of Research Participants
G3: Relationships with research participants
G4: Reporting Results
G5: Publication |
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Term
| Section H of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
Section H: Resolving Ethical Issues
H1: Knowledge of Standards and the Laws
- when their are conflicts between E and L, counselors adhere to the law, but try to resolve the conflict
H2: Suspected Violations
H3: Cooperation with Ethics Committees |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| 3 Different types of testing measurements |
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Definition
Achievement
Aptitude
Interests |
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Term
|
Definition
| How well something measures what it claims to measure |
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Term
|
Definition
| The consistency of a set of measurements or measuring instrument |
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Term
|
Definition
| Basis for standard scores. Shows how much scores vary from the mean |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shows how many standard deviations a score is from the mean |
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Term
|
Definition
| Percent of scores that fall below a particular score |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ratio of mental age and chronological age, multiplied by 100 |
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Term
| Standard Error of Measurement |
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Definition
| The amount a perceived score is expected to fluctuate around the true score. |
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Term
|
Definition
measures of location of the middle or the center of a distribution
mean, median, mode |
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Term
|
Definition
Recognize the problem exists
Clearly identify the problem
Generate possible solutions
Which solution is best?
Program/Clinical effectiveness |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| When Scores are compared to other scores |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When Scores are compared to criterion |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Pre-Contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse and Recycling
Termination |
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Term
| What might be used in an intake interview |
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Definition
Mental Status Exam
- done by counselor
- considers appearance, alertness, quality of speech, behavior, environmental awareness, mood, affect, cognitive ability, memory, and judgment |
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Term
|
Definition
Global Assessment of Function
- Done as part of Axis V of the DSM-IV diagnosis
- 0-100 scale of someone's functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
1 -- Clinical Disorders - mood disorders, psychotic disorders, etc.
2 -- Personality disorders and mental retardation
3 -- Medical Problems
4 -- Psychosocial and Environmental problems
5 -- GAF scores --Global Assessment of Functioning |
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Term
| Something to consider with suicide assessment |
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Definition
| Ideation + Plan + Intent + Means = Serious |
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Term
|
Definition
SAD PERSONS scale
Suicide Assessment Checklist
Beck Hopelessness Scale |
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Term
|
Definition
Ideation
Substance Abuse
Purposelessness
Anxiety
Trapped
Hopelessness
Withdrawal
Anger
Recklessness
Mood Changes |
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Term
|
Definition
Consider...
Sex
Age
Depression
Prior History
Ethanol Use
Rational Thinking Loss
Support Systems loss
Organized Plan
No Significant Other
Sickness
1 point for each. The higher the score, the more at-risk. hospitalize starting at 7 |
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Term
|
Definition
ASI - Addiction Severity Index
CAGE
RAPS
Self-Monitoring - people are usually pretty honest |
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Term
|
Definition
Asks 4 questions about alcohol use
1. Have you ever considered Cutting down?
2. Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking
3. Have you ever felt Guilty about your drinking?
4. Have you ever felt the need to have a drink first thing in the morning? Eye-Opener |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?
2. Has a friend or a family member ever told you about things you said or did while you were drinking that you could not remember?
3. Have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?
4. Do you sometimes take a drink when you first get up in the morning? |
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Term
| Issues for Clients in Groups |
|
Definition
May have to deal with substance abuse issues
Cannot assure confidentiality because of the other people in the group
Possibility of them being a scapegoat
May be assaulted verbally
Can be confrontations
May have to self-disclose
Discuss the possibility of life changes |
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Term
| Issues for Leaders in Groups |
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Definition
Don't go outside of your expertise
Don't make any promises
Some of the same risks as for clients
Improperly dealing with transference issues
Failure to control a dangerous client |
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Term
| Most common mal-practice suits with groups |
|
Definition
- failure to obtain or document IC
- Inadequate record keeping
- abandonment of client
- Marked departures from established therapeutic practices
- practicing beyond scope of competency
- misdiagnosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Pre-group
Initial Stage
Transition Stage
Working Stage
Termination
Post-Group Stage |
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Term
|
Definition
develop proposal and present to proper authorities
announce group
conduct pre-group interviews
select and announce members
organize practical details
get parental permission
prepare psychologically for tasks
arrange a preliminary group session |
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Term
|
Definition
Members get acquainted
learning the group forms and norms
Initial resistance is a common problem in this stage
Be prepared to read non-verbal communication |
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Term
|
Definition
Participants may exhibit...
anxiety
defensiveness
resistance
fears of self-disclosure
struggles for control
conflict
confrontation |
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Term
|
Definition
Further development of group norms
Issues involve...
disclosure/anonymity
acceptance/rejection
honesty/game planning
cohesion/fragmentation
spontaneity/control
responsibility/blaming |
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Term
|
Definition
The task is consolidation of learning
Dealings with separation
dealings with unfinished business
Reviewing the Group Experience
Creating Contract and Evaluation |
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Term
|
Definition
Occurs 3-6 months later
Follow-up interviews
Evaluating the group and having a follow-up session |
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Term
| Psychological Risks of Groups |
|
Definition
Acronym -- BIG AS
Breeches of Confidence
Inappropriate Reassurance
Group Pressure
Aggressive Confrontation
Scapegoating |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an emotional release of energy that has been tied up in withholding threatening feelings |
|
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Term
| Values and Limitations of Catharsis |
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Definition
Values
Can be therapeutic
Limitations
Venting does not solve problems in itself
Member must apply what is learned in group to their life
Member must learn to intervene in their own life in the future
Member must gain some understanding of meaning of experience
Member must formulate new decisions based on understanding |
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Term
| Ethical Implications in Groups |
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Definition
Voluntary Participation is very important
Informed Consent
Freedom to Withdraw
Psychological risks
confidentiality
Inform members of values inherent in the group process |
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Term
| Issues with involuntary/court mandated groups |
|
Definition
Much effort in clearly informing participants about…
- nature and goals of the group
- Procedures that will be used
- The rights of member to decline certain activities
Limitations of confidentiality
And ways active participation in the group may affect their lives outside the group
May have to be careful about
- controlling a dangerous client
Client still has to sign consent
- If they choose not to, tell them the consequences
If they attend, but don't participate, let them know that this will be noted in their file.
Be careful about kids being scape-goated
Be careful about confrontations |
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Term
| What is included in Group Proposal |
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Definition
Rationale
Objectives
Practical Considerations
Procedures
Evaluation |
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Term
|
Definition
Brief Group -- 2 to 3 months with 8 to 12 meetings
Psycho-educational Groups -- Develop cognitive/behavioral skills through structured set of procedures
Psychotherapy Groups -- addresses psychological problems
Task Groups
Therapeutic Group
Counseling Group -- deals with everyday problems |
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Term
| What are three major therapeutic factors that bring about change in clients? |
|
Definition
Self Disclosure
- Not just talking or telling stories
- Must be meaningful self-disclosure
Hope
- Best predictor of Suicide is Hopelessness
- Help people to see possibilities and to find hope in their lives
- Encourage clients to see that Change is possible
Cognitive Component
- Behavior can preceed feelings
- Make participants aware of their own abilities and Control |
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Term
| Guidelines for Self Disclosure |
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Definition
Is it clearly related to the group or individual?
Is it just telling stories, or does serve a purpose?
Does it encourage the participants to follow-up? |
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Term
| Issues concerning Premature Termination |
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Definition
Announce in advance, and have it in written agreement, that early departure is discouraged
Ensure that any unfinished business is cleared up in the participant’s last group meeting
Allow time for the person to prepare to leave the group
Give the opportunity for others to say farewell and share their observations about the person
Help person go over what has been learned, and help them develop a plan on how to apply their learning
Make referrals if appropriate |
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Term
| Assessment techniques used at beginning and end of group |
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Definition
Surveys
Questionnaire
Person to Person Interviews
Journal Entries
Evaluate Leader’s Effectiveness |
|
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Term
| Important Considerations when doing groups with Children or Adolescents |
|
Definition
Legal Considerations
- legal consent papers
- keep clear and concise notes of every procedure/meeting
Practical Considerations
- Be open about the group goals, purpose, and objectives
- The younger the participants, the smaller the group should be
- Remain Patient
- Consider attention span issues
- Involve parents/guardians |
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Term
| Primary purpose for code of ethics |
|
Definition
| to safeguard the welfare of the clients by providing what is in their best interest. |
|
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Term
| 3 objectives of Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
ducate professional about sound ethical conduct (help professionals expand awareness, clarify personal values, find direction in dealing with challenges in work)
Provide a mechanism for professional accountability
Serve as a catalysts for improving practice |
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Term
|
Definition
| A persons’ right to decide what personal information will be shared with or withheld from others. |
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Term
| Egan's Helping Model Stages of Helping |
|
Definition
Stage one: Help Clients Tell their Story
Stage two: Help Clients Set Viable Goals
Stage three: Help Clients Develop Strategies and Plans to Accomplish Their Goals |
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Term
| Stage 1 of Egan's Helping Model |
|
Definition
Help Clients tell their stories
Task 1: Help clients tell their story by say what their concerns are
Task 2: Help clients reframe their story by helping them discover what they have overlooked or avoided
Task 3: Help clients work on issues that will improve the problem |
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Term
| Stage 2 of Egan's Helping Model |
|
Definition
Help Clients Set Viable Goals
Task 1: Help Clients Discover Possibilities for a Better Future
Task 2: Help Clients Move from Possibilities to Choices – “What solutions are best for me?”
Task 3: Help clients commit themselves |
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Term
| Stage 3 of Egan's Helping Model |
|
Definition
Stage Three: Help Clients Develop Strategies and Plans to Accomplish Their Goals
Task 1: Help Clients Develop Strategies for Accomplishing Their Goals
Task Two: Help clients choose best-fit strategies
Task Three: Help Clients Make Plans |
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Term
| Donald Super has generated a life span vocational choice theory that has six life and career development stages. These six stages are: |
|
Definition
1.The crystallization stage, ages 14-18
2.Specification stage, ages 18-21
3.Implementation stage, ages 21-24
4.The stabilization stage, ages 24-35
5.Consolidation, age 35
6.Readiness for retirement, age 55 |
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Term
| One of Super’s greatest contributions to career development has been his... |
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Definition
| emphasis of the role self-concept development plays. Super recognized that the self-concept changes and develops throughout people’s lives as a result of experience. People successively refine their self-concept(s) over time and application to the world of work creates adaptation in their career choice. |
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Term
| The developmental career theory choices life span is of three stages in an individual’s lifetime. They are: |
|
Definition
The fantasy state involves role-playing and imagination.
The tentative stage reflects a person’s growing awareness of interests and abilities.
The realistic state entails the identification of a career choice. |
|
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Term
| 4 Stages of Career Counseling |
|
Definition
Exploration
Transition
Action
Termination |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Problem orientation – be able to recognize and accept the problem
Problem Identification – attempt to identify the problem in as much detail as possible
Generation of Alternatives
Decision Making
Verification |
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Term
| Career and Life Planning Assessments |
|
Definition
Interest Inventories
First type measures the strength of an individual’s interests in broad fields of activity – general/basic, homogeneous
Second type assesses the similarity of an individual’s interest patterns with those of people in specific occupations – occupational, heterogeneous |
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Term
| Four methods have been used to construct personality inventories: |
|
Definition
A) Logical content
B) Theoretical
C) Criterion Group
D) Factor Analysis |
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Term
|
Definition
Specific Phobias
Social Phobias
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Description: Fear of objects or situations that is out of proportion to any real danger
Symptoms: Marked, persistent fear triggered by objects or situations; exposure to the trigger leads to intense anxiety; the person recognizes the fear is unrealistic; the object or situation is avoided or endured with intense anxiety
Treatment: Graded exposure to the feared object or situation; systematic desensitization |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Fear of unfamiliar people or social scrutiny
Symptoms: marked, persistent fear triggered by exposure to unfamiliar people or social scrutiny; exposure to the trigger leads to intense anxiety about being humiliated or embarrassed; the person recognizes the fear is unrealistic; trigger situations are avoided or endured with intense anxiety
Treatment: Graded exposure to the feared object or situation; systematic desensitization |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Anxiety about recurrent panic attacks; sometimes accompanied by agoraphobia, a fear of being in places where panic attacks could occur. Panic attacks can be cued or un-cued.
Agoraphobia – is defined by anxiety about situations in which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred.
Symptoms: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks; at least one month of concern about the possibility of more attacks, worry about the consequences of an attack, or behavioral changes because of the attacks
Treatment: Cognitive behavioral treatments; Panic Control Therapy (PCT) is based on the tendency of people with panic disorder to overreact to bodily sensations |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Uncontrollable worry for at least 6 months
Symptoms: excessive, uncontrollable, and long lasting; difficulty concentrating, tiring easily, restlessness, irritability, and muscle tension
Treatment: relaxation training, |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Obsessions: uncontrollable thoughts, impulses, or images or Compulsions: repetitive behaviors or mental acts
Treatment: Exposure and ritual prevention (ERP); challenging a person’s beliefs about the ritual |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Aftermath of a traumatic experience in which the person reexperiences the traumatic even, avoids stimuli associated with the event, and experiences increased arousal
Symptoms: Grouped into three major categories: Reexperiencing, Avoidance, increased arousal; Exposure to a traumatic event causing extreme fear, helplessness, or horror; the event is reexperienced; the person avoids stimuli associated with the trauma or has a numbing of responsiveness; increased arousal; duration of symptoms is more than one month
Treatment: involves exposure to fear-provoking stimuli – but the exposure is to memories and reminders of the original trauma with the person being encouraged to confront the trauma to gain mastery and extinguish the anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Symptoms are similar to PTSD, but occur for less than four weeks after the traumatic event
Symptoms: Exposure to the traumatic event causing extreme fear, helplessness, or horror; during or after the event, the person experiences dissociative symptoms; the event is reexperienced intrusively; the person avoids stimuli associated with trauma; increased arousal or anxiety; symptoms could occur within the first month of trauma
Treatment: Exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
| Psychological problems take a physical form, that is, the person experiences bodily symptoms that have no known physical cause. These disorders are not under voluntary control, nor are they intentionally produced by the person. |
|
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Term
| Examples of Somatoform Disorders |
|
Definition
Pain Disorders
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Somatization Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Malingering
Factitious Disorder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Pain that is brought on and maintained to a significant extent by psychological factors
Symptoms: Pain that is severe enough to warrant clinical attention; the pain causes significant distress or impairment; psychological factors are thought to be important to the onset, severity, or maintenance of pain; the pain is not intentionally produced or faked; the pain is not explained by another psychological condition
Treatment: Validating that the pain is real, not just “in the patient’s head”; relaxation training; rewarding the person for less focus on pain and more focus on life (toughing it out) |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Preoccupation with imagined or exaggerated defects in physical appearance
Symptoms: Preoccupation with an imagined defect or markedly excessive concern over a slight defect in appearance; preoccupation causes significant distress or impairment; preoccupation is not explained by another mental disorder, like anorexia nervosa. Spend hours looking at their defect
Treatment: Response prevention |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Preoccupation with fears of having a serious illness
Symptoms: Preoccupation with fears about having a serious disease; the preoccupation continues despite medical reassurance; not explained by delusional disorder or body dysmorphic disorder; symptoms lat at least 6 months; symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
Treatment: diverting their attention |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Recurrent, multiple physical complaints that have no biological basis
Symptoms: History of many physical complaints over several years; at least four pain symptoms as well as at least two gastrointestinal symptoms, one sexual symptom, and one pseudoneurological symptom; symptoms are not due to a medical condition or are excessive given a medical condition the person may be experiencing; symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
Treatment: Diverting their attention, relaxation training, biofeedback training, |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Sensory or motor symptoms without any physiological cause
Symptoms: Often co-morbid with Axis I disorders; one of more symptoms affecting motor or sensory functioning and suggesting a neurological or medial condition; symptoms are related to conflict or stress; symptoms are not intentionally produced and cannot be explained by a medical condition; symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment or warrant medical evaluation.
Treatment: No treatment proven effective |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Description: Physical incapacity faked to avoid responsibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Description: Intentionally produced symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is a dissociative disorder? |
|
Definition
| Dissociation involves the failure of consciousness to perform its usual role of integrating our cognitions, emotions, motivations, and other aspects of experience in our awareness |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Dissociative Disorders |
|
Definition
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Description: Memory loss, typically of a stressful experience; Explicit memory (conscious recall of experiences) vs. implicit memory (unconscious recall of behaviors based on experience, ex: riding a bike)
Symptoms: unable to recall important personal information, usually information about some traumatic experience; one or more episodes of inability to remember important personal information, usually of a traumatic experience, that is too extensive to be ordinary forgetfulness; the amnesia occurs outside of other dissociative disorder, PTSD, or acute stress disorders, or somatization disorder, and is not explained by other medical or psychological conditions; the symptoms cause significant distress or impairment
Treatment: Psychoanalysis, free association, fill in the blanks – try to uncover past events that will help patient work through problem and not block it from conscious. Hypnosis or drug-facilitated interviews |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: Memory loss accompanied by leaving home and establishing a new identity
Symptoms: Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work; an inability to recall one’s past; confusion about identity or assumption of a new identity; symptoms are not explained by another medical or psychological disorder; symptoms cause significant distress or impairment
Treatment: Psychoanalysis, free association, fill in the blanks – try to uncover past events that will help patient work through problem and not block it from conscious. |
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Term
| Depersonalization Disorder |
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Definition
Description: Alteration in the experience of the self
Symptoms: Involves no disturbance of memory
Treatment: Psychoanalysis, free association, fill in the blanks – try to uncover past events that will help patient work through problem and not block it from conscious. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
Description: At least two distinct personalities that act independently of each other
Symptoms: Presence of two or more personalities; at least two of the alters recurrently take control of the behavior; inability of at least one of the alters to recall important personal information
Treatment: The goal of treatment should be to convince the person that splitting into two different personalities is no longer necessary to deal with traumas; help integrate alters; treat alters as equals |
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Term
| Depressive disorders include |
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Definition
| *Include profound sadness and/or an inability to experience pleasure |
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Term
| Examples of Mood Disorders |
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Definition
Major Depressive Disorder
Dysthymic Disorder
BiPolar Disorder |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
Description: Sad mood or loss of pleasure for 2 weeks, along with at least 4 other symptoms; causes significant distress or functional impairment; symptoms are not due to normal bereavement
Symptoms: Difficulties in sleeping (insomnia), trouble falling asleep, not returning to sleep after awakening during the night, waking too early, or prolonged duration of sleep; psychomotor retardation or agitation; poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain; loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness; difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions; recurrent thoughts of death and suicide |
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Term
|
Definition
Description: chronically depressed – more than half of the time for at least 2 years, they feel blue or derive little pleasure from usual activities and pastimes; Mood is down and other symptoms are present at least 50 percent of the time for at least 2 years
Symptoms: poor appetite or overeating; sleeping too much or too little; low energy; poor self-esteem; trouble concentrating or making decisions; hopelessness; cause significant distress or functional impairment |
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Term
| Three forms of bipolar disorders |
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Definition
| bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia. |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of intense relation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria; remarks may be difficult to interrupt and may shift rapidly from topic to topic, reflecting an underlying flight of ideas |
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Term
| DSM Criteria for Manic and Hypomanic Episodes |
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Definition
-Increase in goal-directed activity or physical restlessness;
-Unusual talkativeness, rapid speech; flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing;
-Decreased need for sleep; inflated self-esteem,
-Belief that one has special talents, powers, or abilities;
-Distractibility, attention easily diverted;
-Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that are likely to have undesirable consequences, such as reckless spending, sexual behavior, or driving. |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization, symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms last at least 4 days; functioning is unequivocally different, but not markedly impaired |
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Term
|
Definition
| includes a single episode of mania or a single mixed episode during the course of a person’s life |
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Term
|
Definition
| persons must have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania |
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Term
|
Definition
| he person has frequent but mild symptoms of depression, alternating with mild symptoms of mania |
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Term
|
Definition
- Interpersonal psychotherapy
- Cognitive Therapy aimed at altering maladaptive thought patterns;
- Cognitive restructuring
- Behavioral Activation (BA) – people are given activity assignments to provide them with successful experiences and to allow them to think well of themselves.
- Social skills training
- Behavioral activation training
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) – entails the deliberate induction of a seizure and momentary unconsciousness by passing a current of 70-130 volts through the brain; used when depression is paired with psychotic features
- Medications – Antidepressants: MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs |
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Term
| Treatment of Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
Psychoeducational approaches typically help people to learn about the symptoms of the disorder, the expected time course of symptoms, the biological and psychological triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
Family-focused treatments – (FFT) – focuses on educating the family about illness, enhancing communication in the family, and developing problem-solving skills
Medications: Mood stabilizing medications; Lithium; antipsychotic medication ex: Haldol |
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Term
| What are Personality Disorders |
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Definition
| heterogeneous group of disorders defined by long-standing, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from the expectations of a person’s culture? These problematic patterns are manifested in at least two of the following areas: cognition, emotions, relationships, and impulse control |
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Term
| Cluster A Personality Disorders |
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Definition
-Characterized as Odd/Eccentric
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal |
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Term
|
Definition
Distrust and suspiciousness of others; influences relationships; hostile; react angrily to perceived insults
Pervasive suspiciousness of being harmed, deceived, or exploited
Unwarranted doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
Reluctance to confide in others because of suspiciousness; tendency to read hidden meanings into the innocuous actions of others; bears grudges for perceived wrongs
Angry reactions to perceived attacks on character or reputation; unwarranted suspiciousness of the fidelity of partner |
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Term
|
Definition
Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression
Lack of desire for or enjoyment of close relationships
Almost exclusive preference for solitude; little interest in sex with others; few if any pleasures; lack of friends; indifference to praise or criticism from others; flat affect, emotional detachment |
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Term
|
Definition
Lack of capacity for close relationships, cognitive distortions, and eccentric behavior
Five or more of the following:
-Ideas of reference
-Peculiar beliefs or magical thinking, e.g. belief in extrasensory perception
-Unusual perceptions e.g. distorted feelings about one’s body
-Peculiar patterns of speech
-Suspiciousness or paranoia
-Inappropriate or restricted affect
-Odd behavior or appearance
-Lack of friends
-Anxiety around other people, that does not diminish with familiarity |
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Term
| Cluster B Personality Disorders |
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Definition
There are four Cluster B personality disorders:
antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic. |
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Term
|
Definition
Disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Include two of the following major components:
-A pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others since age 15
-The presence of a conduct disorder before the age of 15.
-Truancy, frequent lying, running away from home, theft, arson, and deliberate destruction of property
-Age at least 18
-Evidence of a conduct disorder before age 15
-Repeated law breaking, deceitfulness, lying, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for own safety and that of others; -irresponsibility as seen in unreliable employment history or not meeting financial obligations;
-lack of remorse |
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Term
|
Definition
Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity
Very common in clinical settings, very hard to treat, associated with suicidality
Emotions are intense, erratic, and can shift abruptly |
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Term
|
Definition
Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Presence of five or more of the following:
-Strong need to be the center of attention
-Inappropriately sexually seductive behavior
-Rapidly shifting expression of emotions
-Use of physical appearance to draw attention to self
-Speech that is excessively impressionistic
-Overly suggestible
-Misreads relationships as more intimate than they are |
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Term
|
Definition
Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Presence of five or more of the following:
-Grandiose view of one’s importance
-Preoccupation with one’ success, brilliance, beauty
-Belief that one is special and can be understood only by other high-status people
-Extreme need for admiration
-Strong sense of entitlement
-Tendency to exploit others
-Lack of empathy
-Envious of others
-Arrogant behavior or attitudes |
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Term
| Cluster C Personality Disorders |
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Definition
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Extreme fear of rejection |
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Term
|
Definition
Excessive need to be taken care of, submissive behavior, and fears of separation
Overreliance on others and a lack of self-confidence
When one relationship ends, they will urgently seek another relationship to replace it
Presence of at least 5:
-Difficulty making decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others
-Need for others to take responsibility for most major areas of life
-Difficulty disagreeing with others for fear of losing their support
-Difficulty doing things on own because of lack of self-confidence
-Doing unpleasant things as a way to obtain the approval and support of others
-Feelings of helplessness when alone because of lack of confidence in ability to handle things without others
-Urgently seeking new relationship when present one ends
-Preoccupation with fears of having to take care of self |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Preoccupation with order, perfection, and control
Pay so much attention to detail that they often fail to finish projects
Oriented toward work more than pleasure
Control freaks
Presence of at least four:
-Preoccupation with rules, details, and organization, to the extent that the major point of an activity is lost
-Extreme perfectionism interferes with task completion
-Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships
-Inflexibility about morals
-Difficulty discarding worthless items
-Reluctance to delegate unless others conform to one’s standards
-Miserliness
-Rigidity and stubbornness |
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Term
| Treatment of Personality Disorders |
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Definition
Medications are often used to treat personality disorders, the choice of drug being determined by Axis I problem that the personality disorder resembles
Day treatment programs – individual and group
Cognitive behavioral therapists tend to break a personality disorder down into a set of separate problems; alter faulty assumptions |
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Term
| Treatment of Border-Line Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Object-Relations Psychotherapy – overall goal is to strengthen the patient’s weak ego so that he or she stops splitting. Splitting is seeing everything according to a simple good-bad dichotomy – is regarded as the result of an inability to form complex ideas of others
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) – combining client-centered empathy and acceptance with cognitive behavioral problem solving and social skills training. It refers to a constant tension between the thesis and antithesis which is resolved by the creation of synthesis |
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Term
| Externalizing disorders are characterized by... |
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Definition
| more outward-directed behaviors, such as aggressiveness, noncompliance, overactivity, and impulsiveness |
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Term
| Examples of Externalizing Disorders |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Focuses on behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and that violate major societal norms.
Treatment:
--Family interventions – Parental -
--Management Training (PMT) – parents are taught to modify their responses to their children so that prosocial rather than antisocial behavior is consistently rewarded
--Multisystemic Treatment (MST) – involves delivering intensive and comprehensive therapy services in the community; based on the view that conduct problems are influenced by multiple factors
--Cognitive Therapy – anger management training |
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Term
| Common Childhood/Adolescent Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
School Phobia (separation anxiety)
Social Phobia
PTSD |
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Term
| Childhood/Adolescent Depression |
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Definition
Depressed mood, inability to experience pleasure, fatigue, concentration problems, and suicidal ideation.
Treatment: Family treatment, medication |
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Term
| Stages of the Counseling Process |
|
Definition
Initial
Middle
Final
Termination |
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Term
|
Definition
Initial interview, counselor discusses informed consent with client and gets it signed
Counselors lays foundation of therapeutic relationship with client
Counselor and client discuss goals and counseling plan together
Counselor will assess and initial diagnosis from DSM-IV (if possible) |
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Term
|
Definition
Counselor will deepen exploration with client (issues, concerns)
Length determined upon theory based used by counselor and clients needs
Focus changes from external to internal forces
Transference and counter-transference
Resistance
Possible decreasing dependence upon others
Counselor will use interpretations now |
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Term
|
Definition
Action/working through
Client dependent on counselor for change
Perceptions change, view of self changes
Focus change in client
Counselor and client work together to meet goals
Change can be hard for client and those around them
Techniques are used; (role play, assertiveness training, social skills training, homework) |
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Term
|
Definition
Termination and follow up in about 3 sessions
Client and counselor chose date
Counselor and client review original problem and evaluate current status
Can be emotionally trying for client and counselor
Follow up is a very important part of this process
Follow up occurs 2 weeks after final session (this can be a phone call or quick note by client) |
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Term
|
Definition
Clarification- when the counselor identifies the presenting issues the client is addressing and asking the client if they understand them correctly “so what you are saying is, do I have it right?”
Paraphrasing- when the counselor repeats back the essence of the client’s words by using the client’s main words.
Reflection- select attention to emotional content of the session
Summarization- when the counselor repeats back the client’s facts and feelings and reasons in an organized form. |
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Term
| Goddfredson’s Theory of Circumscription and Compromise |
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Definition
A: Assumptions
Career development begins in childhood
Career aspirations are attempts to implement self concept (choice)
Career satisfaction depends on degree of career matched with self perception
B: Children circumscribe (narrow) occupations based on:
Sex-type (gender roles)
Prestige
Interest
Accessibility
C: Compromise
Selecting an occupation less than fit resulting from occupational demand, opportunities or discrimination
D: Break down gender-role stereotypes and limitations in occupational choice based on social status |
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Term
| 6 categories of Holland's Theory of Vocational Choices |
|
Definition
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional |
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Term
| Holland's Realistic Category |
|
Definition
Prefers concrete tasks
may lack social grace
mechanical abilities
Hands on work
physical work
skilled trades |
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Term
| Holland's Investigative Category |
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Definition
Task oriented
Independent
Analytical
Reserved
Intellectual
Abstract |
|
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Term
| Holland's Artistic Category |
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Definition
Self expression
Imagination
Introspective
Values beauty
Creative
Sensation-seeking |
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Term
| Holland's Social Category |
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Definition
Social interaction
Interest in people
Good interpersonal communication skills
Community service oriented |
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Term
| Holland's Enterprising Category |
|
Definition
Seeks leadership and social influence
Ambitious
Persuasive verbal skills |
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Term
| Holland's Conventional Category |
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Definition
Practical
Well controlled
Conservative
Likes routine and structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| an existential, phenomenological, and process-based approach created on the premise that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment. |
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Term
| Initial goal of Gestalt Therapy |
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Definition
| clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing and how they are doing it. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gestalt therapists are interested in the whole person, and place no superior value on any particular aspect of a person. Emphasis may be on: |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
-Behavior therapy is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method
-Behavior therapy deals with the client’s current problems and the factors influencing them, as opposed to an analysis of possible historical determinants
-Clients involved in behavior therapy are expected to assume an active role by engaging in specific actions to deal with their problems
-This approach assumes change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics
-The focus is on assessing overt and covert behavior directly, identifying the problem, and evaluating change
-Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problems experienced by clients. |
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Term
| Something that is very important in Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In Behaviorism -- addresses antecedents, behaviors, consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
Rational Emotive Imagery
Using Imagery
Role Playing
Shame Attacking Exercises |
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Term
| Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy |
|
Definition
| basic assumption is that people contribute to their own psychological problems, as well as specific symptoms, by the way the interpret events and situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
Changing harmful and irrational beliefs in order to learn more effective ways to think and have healthy emotional reactions to situations.
Change thinking and acting, and feelings will follow |
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Term
|
Definition
| clients imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving exactly the way they would like to think, feel, and behave in real life |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| focus is on working through the underlying irrational beliefs that are related to unpleasant feelings |
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Term
| Shame-attacking Exercises |
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Definition
| exercises where we can stubbornly refuse to feel ashamed by telling ourselves that it is not catastrophic if someone thinks we are foolish |
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Term
|
Definition
Operant conditioning
self-management principles,
systematic desensitization,
relaxation techniques,
modeling
homework assignments |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Perceives psychological problems as stemming from commonplace processes such as faulty thinking, making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information, and failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality |
|
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Term
| Aaron Beck thought that people with emotional disturbances... |
|
Definition
| tend to commit cognitive distortions: |
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Term
| Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification |
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Definition
| focuses on changing client’s self-verbalizations through self-instructional training |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Self-observation
2. starting a new internal dialogue – clients learn to recognize their maladaptive behaviors and begin to see opportunities for adaptive behavioral alternatives
3. Learning new skills – teaching clients more effective coping skills, which are practiced in real life situations |
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Term
| Reality Therapy believes... |
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Definition
| that the underlying problem of most clients is the same: They are either involved in a present unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a relationship |
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Term
| Choice Theory in Reality Theory |
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Definition
| we are not born blank slate waited to be externally motivated by forces in the world around us, but we are born with five genetically encoded needs: survival, love and belonging, power or achievement, freedom, or independence, and fun—that drive our lives |
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Term
| Total Behavior in Reality Theory |
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Definition
| all behavior is made up of 4 inseparable but distinct components: acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology |
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Term
| Characteristics of Reality Therapy |
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Definition
-Complaining isn’t tolerated
-Emphasize choice and responsibility
-Reject transference – a way that therapist and client avoid being who they are – being who you are is big in this therapy
-Keeping therapy in the present
-Avoid focusing on symptoms
-Challenge traditional views on mental illness |
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Term
| What do Postmodern theories believe |
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Definition
| Believe that realities do not exist independent of observational processes |
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Term
|
Definition
stresses the client’s reality without disputing whether it is accurate or rational
Found in postmodern theories |
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Term
| Social Constructionism is based on 4 key assumptions |
|
Definition
1. invites a critical stance toward taken for granted knowledge
2. believe language and concepts we use to generally understand the world are historically and culturally specific
3. Knowledge is constructed through social processes
4. negotiated understandings (social constructions are considered to be practices that affect social life rather than being abstractions from it |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretive stories, which are then treated as “truth” |
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Term
| Focus of Narrative Therapy |
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Definition
| therapists listen to clients stories to search for times when they were resourceful, facilitate their exploration, avoid diagnosing and labeling, to assist clients map what influence a problem has had on their lives, and separating themselves from the dominant stories so that new alternate life stories can be created. |
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Term
| Therapeutic goals of Narrative Therapy |
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Definition
| Invite people to describe their experience in new and fresh language. In doing this they open new windows of what is possible |
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Term
|
Definition
| Family systems perspective holds that individuals are best understood through assessing the interactions between and among family members. Symptoms viewed as an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family |
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Term
| Family System Therapist considers their Client as... |
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Definition
| The family as a whole unit, not a collection of clients. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6 core metaframeworks that function as therapeutic lenses that a family system might be assessed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| internal family systems, sequences, organization, developmental, multicultural, and gender, teleological, process lenses |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapist that lacks knowledge and skill in selecting interventions grabs for anything that seems to work, often making no attempt to determine whether the therapeutic procedures are effective |
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Term
| Psychotherapy Integration |
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Definition
| attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aims at selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| searches for common elements across different theoretical systems |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| grounded in particular school of psychotherapy along with openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches |
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Term
| Implications of Spirituality in Counseling |
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Definition
Counselors should gather information about client’s spirituality and religion that serve the purposes of
(a) obtaining a preliminary indication about relevance of spirituality and religion of clients,
(b) gathering information that the helper might refer to at a later point in the helping process
(c) indicating to clients that it is acceptable to talk about religious and spiritual concerns |
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Term
| 5 guidelines for starting a group |
|
Definition
-Rationale: Do you have a clear rationale for your group?
-Objectives: Are you clear about what you want to attain and how?
-Practical considerations: Is membership defined? Meeting times/frequency/duration reasonable?
-Procedures: Do you have specific/appropriate/realistic procedures to meet the objectives?
-Evaluation: Do you have strategies for evaluating if objectives are met? |
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Term
| Lopez's four steps of brief counseling |
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Definition
* Get the student to describe in concrete terms what the issue is and what they want to change.
* Learn what the student has done already to fix the problem
* Clearly define a goal
* Develop and implement strategies |
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Term
| Freud's Psychoanalytic Stages of Development |
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Definition
Oral 0-1
Anal 1-3
Phallic 3-6
Latency 6-12
Genital 12 and up |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Human Development |
|
Definition
Trust vs. Mistrust - 0-1
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - 1-3
Initiative vs. Guilt - 3-6
Industry vs. Inferiority - 6-12
Identity vs. Role Confusion - 12-20
Intimacy vs. Isolation - 20-40
Generactivity vs. Isolation - 40-65
Integrity vs. Despair - 65 and older |
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Term
|
Definition
0-1
Infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
|
Definition
1-3
Children must learn autonomy, or they will doubt themselves and their abilities |
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Term
|
Definition
3-6
Preschoolers develop initiative by creating plans. They must learn to do it without impinging on the rights of others. |
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Term
|
Definition
6-12
Children must master social and academic skills, otherwise they will fill inferior to peers. |
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Term
| Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Definition
12-20
Adolescents ask who they are and must establish social and vocational identities, otherwise they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults. |
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Term
|
Definition
20-40
Young adults seek to form a shared identity with another person, but may fear intimacy and experience isolation |
|
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Term
| Generactivity vs. Isolation |
|
Definition
40-65
Middle-aged adults must feel that they are producing something that will outlive them, otherwise they will become stagnant and self-centered |
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Term
|
Definition
65 and up
Older adults must come to view their lives as meaninful, or they will face death with regrets. |
|
|
Term
| Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
|
Definition
Sensorimotor Stage - 0-2
Pre-Operactional Stage - 2-7
Concrete Operational Stage - 7-11
Formal Operational Stage - 11 and up |
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Term
|
Definition
0-2
- Knowledge of the world is limited, but developing
- The child starts to realize that things in their environment still exist when they are outside of their senses
- Object permanance develops |
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Term
|
Definition
2-7
- Pre-perational thought consists of being able to represent objects by words, images, and drawings
- Tasks are done physically, not mentally
- Thinking is still egocentric |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
|
Definition
7-11
- Pre-adolescents develop the ability to think logically
- Children start to develop the ability to think not egocentrically |
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Term
|
Definition
11 and up
- Adolescents develop the ability for abstract thought and working through hypothetical situations
- Adolescents start to develop the ability to plan for the future and think more logically - deductive logic |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
|
Definition
Level 1: Pre-Conventional
Level 2: Conventional
Level 3: Post-Conventional |
|
|
Term
| Level 1: Pre-Conventional |
|
Definition
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
- How do I avoid punishment?
Stage 2: Self-Interest Orientation
- What’s in it for me? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity
- social norms - moral because it is expected by society
- good boy/good girl attitude
Stage 4: Authority and Social-order maintaining orientation
- Law and Order Morality |
|
|
Term
| Level 3: Post-Conventional |
|
Definition
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
-Laws are social contracts, and we act for the greater good of society
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
- Based on abstract reasoning related on what is just and unjust |
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|
Term
| Holland's Six personality Types |
|
Definition
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically denoted by r) is a measure of the correlation (linear dependence) between two variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of individual intelligence tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between group and individual intelligence tests |
|
Definition
| Group intelligence tests are administered in mass, while individual are administered one-on-one. |
|
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Term
| Examples of Group intelligence tests |
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Definition
Multidimensional Aptitude Battery
The Cognitive Abilities test
Scholastic Assessment Tests |
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Term
| Gottfredson's Career Developmental Stages |
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Definition
Orientation to Size and Power 3-5
Orientation to sex roles 6-8
Orientation to social valuation 9-13
Choices Explored 14 and up |
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Term
| Orientation to size and power |
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Definition
Gottfredson 3-5
children lay groundwork for later sex-role stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
Gottfredson 6-8
Children begin to gain understanding of what is "acceptable" for men and women |
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Term
| Orientation to social valuation |
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Definition
Gottfredson 9-13
Children begin to understand the correlation between social status and career. |
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Term
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Definition
Gottfredson 14 and up
Occupational choices are explored while considering sex-role and social valuation |
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