Term
| 2 Layers of Smooth Muscle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 Myofilaments of Muscle Contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 Types of Dense Connective Tissue |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1)Vellus-body hairs, thinner
2)Terminal-from scalp, darker, thicker |
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Term
| 2 Types of Muscle Attachments |
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Definition
1)Origin-attaches on less movable bone
2)Insertion-attaches on more movable bone |
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Term
| 3 Concentric Layers in Hair |
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Definition
1)Medulla (inner)-absent in fine hairs
2)Cortex (middle)
3)Cuticle (outer) |
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Term
| 3 Layers (Tunics) of Blood Vessels |
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Definition
1)Tunica Intima
2)Tunica Media
3)Tunica Externa |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Melanin
2)Carotene
3)Hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Elastic
2)Muscular
3)Arterioles-smallest arteries |
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Term
| 3 Types of Articulations (Joints) |
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Definition
1)Synarthroses-immovable
2)Diarthroses-freely movable
3)Amphiarthroses-slighty movable |
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Term
|
Definition
First-Degree-epidermis damaged
Second-Degree-epidermis/dermis damaged
Third Degree-entire thickness of skin |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Continuous-least permeable, most common
2)Fenestrated-large pores
3)Sinusoid-leaky, most permeable |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Hyaline
2)Elastic
3)Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| 3 Types of Fibers in White Matter |
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Definition
1)Ascending
2)Descending
3)Commissural |
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Term
| 3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue |
|
Definition
1)Areolar
2)Adipose
3)Reticular |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Skeletal
2)Cardiac
3)Smooth |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Basal Cell Carcinoma-least malignant, most common
2)Squamous Cell Carcinoma-arise from keratinocytes
3)Melanoma-most dangerous
*ABCDE rule |
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|
Term
| 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves |
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Definition
| cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1) |
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Term
| 4 Function Features of Muscle Tissue |
|
Definition
1)Contractility
2)Excitability
3)Extensibility
4)Elasticity |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Somatic Sensory
2)Somatic Motor
3)Visceral Sensory
4)Visceral Motor |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons in parasymathetic |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| initial response of the body to harmful stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| anterior lobe of pituitary gland; pars distalis=largest division of it |
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Term
|
Definition
| adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine; adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone and cortisol |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by extension of epiblast and filled with amniotic fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells that make goosebumps |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries blood away from the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of hyaline cartilage; located at end of opposing bones |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) Node |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) Valves |
|
Definition
| tricuspid (right) and bicuspid/mitral (left) |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
|
Definition
| includes sympathetic "fight or flight" and parasympathetic "rest and digest" |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuronal cell process that generates/transmits impulses away from cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| supporting sheet deep to border of epithelial and connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| morula consisting of 60 cells that takes up fluid |
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Term
| Blood Flow Through The Heart |
|
Definition
| Superior Vena Cava/Inferior Vena Cava>Right Atrium>Right Ventricle>Pulmonary Trunk>Pulmonary Veins>Left Atrium>Left Ventricle>Aorta |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| long, short, flat, irregular |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of midbrain, pons, medulla |
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Term
|
Definition
| closed bags of synovial fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| smallest blood vessel; refreshes interstitial fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| network of the body's smallest vessels (capillaries) |
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Term
|
Definition
| involuntary movement; striated; contain intercalated discs, where cardiac cells branch and join |
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Term
| Cardiac Muscle Possesses 3 Types of Cell Junctions |
|
Definition
1)Desmosome
2)Fascia Adherens
3)Gap |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1)synchondrosis-united by hyaline cartilage
2)symphosis-united by fibrocartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal |
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Term
| Cells Involved in Inflammatory Response |
|
Definition
1)Histamines
2)Interferons
3)Prostoglandins |
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Term
|
Definition
| processes and interprets; brain and spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| home of our conscious mind; enables us to be self-aware; include motor, sensory, and association areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| actively mitotic cartilage cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| mature form of cartilage cell |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| propel mucus across cell surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| amino-acid based or steroid molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle shortens and does work |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tapers into Filum Terminale, which anchors spinal cord in place in coccyx |
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Term
|
Definition
| where pyramidal tracts (of medulla) cross over to other side, causing cerebral hemisphere to control opposite site of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuronal cell process that extends from cell body and receives impulses |
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Term
|
Definition
| anchor spinal cord to dura mater |
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Term
|
Definition
Papillary Layer (20%)
Reticular Layer (80%)-deeper |
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Term
|
Definition
| binds adjacent cells together |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland) |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle generates force as it lengthens |
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Term
|
Definition
| becomes the brain, spinal cord, and epidermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintain shape of structure while allowing flexibility |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lines heart chambers and covers heart valves |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
|
Definition
| formation of bone from cartilaginous matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| becomes inner lining of gut, respiratory tubes, digestive organs, urinary bladder |
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Term
|
Definition
| "internal water" in inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue covering internal bone surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms around amniotic cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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Term
Epidermis
4 Main Cell Types |
|
Definition
1)Keratinocytes-most important
2)Melanocytes-make melanin
3)Merkel cells-receptor for touch
4)Langerhans cells-destroys foreign particles |
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|
Term
Epidermis
Layers from Apical (top) to Basal (bottom) |
|
Definition
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale |
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Term
|
Definition
| pumped into epidural space in lumbar, but can be done in other parts of spine |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue sheath that surrounds muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle fibers that contract rapidly and tire quickly |
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Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle fibers that contract quickly and are somewhat fatigue resistant |
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Term
|
Definition
| remaining 30 weeks after fetal period |
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Term
|
Definition
| resists strong compression and tension |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1)Suture
2)Syndesmosis-bound by ligaments
3)Gomphosis-peg in socket |
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Term
|
Definition
| fulcrum between load and effort; ex: scissors |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fixed point; ex: joints |
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|
Term
| Functional Groups of Muscles |
|
Definition
1)Prime Mover (agonist)
2)Antagonist
3)Synergist
4)Fixator |
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Term
|
Definition
| clusters of cell bodies that lie along nerves in the PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to next |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms the 3 primary germ layers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction,rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Neutrophils
2)Eosinophils
3)Basophils |
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Term
|
Definition
| red blood cell (RBC) count |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| clotted mass of blood anywhere in the body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cell formation; takes place in bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of a stable internal environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1)Humoral
2)Neural
3)Hormonal
*always controlled by feedback loops: negative feedback and positive feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
| messenger molecules secreted by ductless glands of endocrine system |
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Term
|
Definition
| most abundant; supports/reinforces, cushions, resists compressive stress |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| main visceral control center of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific; ex: HIV infects and destroys helper T cells, severely depressing immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| blastocyst burrows into uterine wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonspecific; structural (first line of defense) and physiologic (inflammatory response) |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
|
Definition
| formation of bone from matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| lymph capillary in the villi of the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| receives oxygen-rich from pulmonary vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| language abilities, math, logic |
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Term
|
Definition
| pumps into systemic circuit; MOST highly muscularized part of heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cell (WBC); 2 types: granulocyte and agranulocyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| moves on a fixed point; ex: bones |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps cleanse lymph; about 500 in the body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most important cell of immune system; 2 classes: T cells (originate in Thymus) and B cells (originate in bone marrow) |
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Term
|
Definition
| thymus, nodes, spleen, tonsils |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| small effort for large load |
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Term
|
Definition
| large effort for small load |
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|
Term
|
Definition
4 main types:
1)Meissner's corpuscles-fine touch, light pressure
2)Pacinian corpuscles-deep pressure
3)Ruffini's corpuscles-continuous pressure
4)Proprioceptors: muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contains heart, trachea, esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| recognize foreign particle once they are made through antibody-mediated process |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| recognize foreign particle once they are made through cell-mediated process |
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|
Term
|
Definition
in brain and spinal cord:
dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (inner) |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed between epiblast and hypoblast |
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Term
|
Definition
| maximize surface area; located in kidneys and small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| 72 hours after fertilization, cluster of 12-16 cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| sends signals away from the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| gives rise to all other blood cells besides lymphocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| all muscle tissue develop from it |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| layer that actually contracts; formed by cardiac muscle tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific type of microfilament responsible for shortening of muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supporting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect neurons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) or Motor-End Plate |
|
Definition
| where an axon terminal of a motor neuron meets skeletal muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| generate/conduct electrical impulses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| notochord signals ectoderm to form brain and spinal cord |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps between myelin sheaths |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons in sympathetic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| blind spot because it lacks photoreceptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the receptor epithelium for hearing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reabsorbs/breaks down bone matrix |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information from signal neuron is sent along 2 or more parallel pathways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| produces parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| root, shaft, follicle, bulb, root plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| matrix, root, bed, fold, cuticle, body, free edge, lunule |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| encloses heart; includes fibrous outer layer and serous layer divided into parietal and visceral layers |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds fascicles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds nerve fascicles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue covering entire surface of bone |
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|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| dictates a response; nerves and ganglia |
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|
Term
| Peripheral Sensory Receptors |
|
Definition
1)Exteroreceptor
2)Interoreceptor (Visceroreceptor)
3)Proprioceptor
4)Mechanoreceptor
5)Thermoreceptor
6)Chemoreceptor
7)Photoreceptor
8)Nociceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rod cells-dim light, low acuity, NO color
cone cells-bright light, high-acuity color blue, red, green light |
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|
Term
| Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) |
|
Definition
| regulates other endocrine organs; secretes 9 major hormones |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| transmits signals away from a synapse |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cell that regulates blood flow to tissues according to oxygen and nutrient needs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| conducts signals toward a synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| swelling at one end of primitive streak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raised groove on dorsal surface of epiblast |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| carries blood to and from the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex: brain freeze, pain in left arm when having a heart attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Receptor
2)Sensory Neuron
3)Integration Center
4)Motor Neuron
5)Effector |
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|
Term
| Reticular Formation of Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
| loose cluster of brain nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives oxygen-poor from systemic vessels |
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|
Term
| Right Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| visual/spatial interpretations, reading facial expressions, intuition, emotion, artistic/musical skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumps into pulmonary circuit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directional term unique to the CNS, meaning superior or cranial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quick way to estimate how much surface affected by a burn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Z-disc, A band, I band, H zone, M line,
thin (actin) filament, thick (myosin) filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everywhere except palms and soles; secrete sebum (oil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| load closer to fulcrum; ex: wheelbarrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory (Afferent) Neuron |
|
Definition
| sends signals toward the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when neurons synapse one-on-one in a sequence; pass signal along single pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary movement; striated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Deep Fascia
Muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myosin heads attach to actin filaments at both ends of sarcomere and pull actin filaments toward center of sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle fibers that contract slowly and resist fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary movement; NO striations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pronation/supination, dorsifexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, opposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes bloodborne antigens and old, defective blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red/yellow bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Structural Classification of Neurons |
|
Definition
1)Multipolar
2)Bipolar
3)Unipolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Eccrine-produce "true sweat"
2)Apocrine-specialized, ex: mammary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site at which neurons communicate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where plasma membranes of 2 neurons separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries blood to and from the body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of heart chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
*umami-deliciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal branches of an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that joins muscle to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effort closer to fulcrum; ex: tweezers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue Response to Injury |
|
Definition
1)Inflammation (heat, redness, swelling, pain)
2)Edema-accumulation of fluid in connective tissue
3)Regeneration-replacement of destroyed tissue
4)Production of scar tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spring-like molecule in sarcomeres involved in holding muscles together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segments of pathways in spinal cord, either ascending (to the brain) or descending (to effectors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous (outer), vascular (middle), sensory (inner) |
|
|
Term
| Types of Connective Tissue |
|
Definition
1)Loose
2)Dense
3)Blood
4)Cartilage
5)Bone |
|
|
Term
| Types of Fascicle Arrangement |
|
Definition
1)Parallel
2)Strap-like
3)Fusiform
4)Convergent
5)Pennate
6)Unipennate
7)Bipennate
8)Multipennate
9)Circular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Neuroglial (Glial) Cells |
|
Definition
1)Astrocytes-most abundant
2)Microglia-macrophages of CNS
3)Ependymal cells
4)Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths |
|
|
Term
| Types of Neuronal Circuits |
|
Definition
1)Diverging
2)Converging
3)Reverberating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Monosynaptic-between sensory and motor neuron; ex: stretch reflex
2)Polysynaptic-interneurons in reflex pathway; ex: withdrawal reflex |
|
|
Term
| Types of Supporting Cells in PNS |
|
Definition
1)Satellite Cells-surround cell bodies
2)Schwann Cells-surround axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Axodendritic
2)Axosomatic
3)Axoaxonic
4)Dendrodendritic
5)Dendrosomatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Plane
2)Hinge
3)Saddle
4)Ball and Socket
5)Pivot
6)Condyloid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where vessels unite/interconnect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts blood toward the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by extension of hypoblast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
