Term
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Definition
| a chosen lifestyle to pursue interests and to place great importance on developing a personally rewarding life |
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Term
| utilitarian individualism |
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Definition
| a life style that exmpasizes self-reliance & personal achievement, especiallin in ones work life; ie. Benjamin Franklin |
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Term
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Definition
| a life style that emphasizes developing one's feelings and emotional satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a marriage system in which people are allowed only one spouse |
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Term
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Definition
| a marriage system in which men or women (or both) are allowed to have more than one spouse at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| benifits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something |
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Term
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Definition
| the costs imposed on other individuals or businesses when an individual or business produces something of value to itself |
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Term
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Definition
| benifits recieved by others when an individual or business produces something, but for which the producer is not fully compensated |
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Term
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Definition
| things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendancy for people to ovtain goods by letting others do the work of producing them - metaphorically, the temptation to ride free on the backs of others |
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Term
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Definition
| one adult, or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood, who is/are taking care of dependents, and the dependents of themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| a stat in which family members are uncertain about who is in or out of the family |
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Term
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Definition
| kinship ties that people have to construct actively |
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Term
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Definition
| kinship ties that people more or less automatically acquire when they are born or when they marry |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to draw conclusions about a social situation that are unaffected by one's own beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity & consistency in researching a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a study in which individuals from a geographic area are selected usually at random & asked a fixed set of questions |
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Term
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Definition
| (aka. fied research) a study in which the researchers spends time directly observing each participant |
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Term
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Definition
| a survey in which interviews are conducted several times at regular intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of survey data by the people who collected the information |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of survey data by people other than those who collected it |
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Term
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Definition
| a sociological theory that views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods or services by considering the benifits they will recieve, the costs they will incur & the benifits they might recieve if they were to choose an alternative course of action |
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Term
| bread winner-home maker family |
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Definition
| a married couple with children in which the father worked for pay and the mother did not |
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Term
| symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
| a sociological theory that focuses on people's interpretations of symbolic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a sociological theory that focuses on the dominations of women by men |
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Term
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Definition
| the social & cultural charactersitics that distinguish women & men in soicety |
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Term
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Definition
| the last few decades of the 20th century & the present day |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's sense of who he or she is and where he or she fits in the social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through wich individuals take in knowledge, reflect on it and alter their behavior as a result |
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Term
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Definition
| a sociological theory that attempts to determine the functions or uses of the main ways in which a society is organized |
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Term
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Definition
| a sociological theory that focuses on inequality, power & social change |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of roles & rules that define a social unit or importance to society |
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Term
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Definition
| people who wander through forests or over plains in small bands, hunting animals & gathering edible plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of kinship group in which descent is traced through either the father's or the mother's line |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinship group in which descent is through the father's line |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinship group in which descent is through the mother's line |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of polygamy in which a man is allowed to have more than one wife |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of polygamy in which a woman is allowed to have more than one husband |
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Term
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Definition
| the name used for a subset of all Native Americans, namely those who were living in the territory that later became the 48 contiguous United States |
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Term
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Definition
| a person whose ancestorys include both Spanish settlers and Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| in Mexico, a godparent relationship in which a wealthy or influential person outside the kinship group is asked to become the compadre, or godparent, of a newborn child, particularty at its baptism |
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Term
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Definition
| a segragated Mexican-American neighborhood in a U.S. city |
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Term
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Definition
| cash payments sent by immigrants to family members in their country of origin |
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Term
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Definition
| act passed by the U.S. Congress which ended restrictions that had blocked most Asian immigration & subsituted an annual quota |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in which descent is reckoned through both the mother's & father's lines |
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Term
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Definition
| the large number of people born during the late 1940's & 1950's |
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Term
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Definition
| all people born during a given year or period of years |
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Term
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Definition
| the sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of changes in individuals' lives over time, & how those changes are related to historical events |
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Term
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Definition
| period between mid-teens and about age 30 when individuals finish their education, enter the labor force & begin their own families |
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Term
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Definition
| all people who are working for pay or who are looking for paid work |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinship group comprising husband, wife, & children |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinship group comprising the conjugal family plus any other relatives present in the household such as a grandparent or uncle |
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Term
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Definition
| in Native American societies, ment or women who dressed like, performed the duties of, and behaved like a member of the opposite sex. French colonists called them "berdaches" meaning "kept boy" or "male prostitute" in Arabic or Persian words |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological charactersistics that distinguish men & women |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who is born with ambiguous sexual organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the nine-month development of the fetus inside the mother's uterus |
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Term
| biosocial approach (to gender differences) |
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Definition
| the theory that gender idenification & behavior are based in part on people's inate biological differences |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes by which we learn the ways of a given society or social group so as to adequately participate in it |
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Term
| socialization approach (to gender differences) |
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Definition
| the theory that gender idenification & behavior are based on children's learning that they will be rewared for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but not for those appropriate to the other sex |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who have roughly the same age & status as one another |
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Term
| interactionis approach (to gender differences) |
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Definition
| the theory that gender identification & behavior are based on the day-today behavior that reinforces gender distinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| a social order based on the domination of women by men especially in agricultural societies |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which goods and services are privatley produced and sold on a market for profit |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which the number & types of goods produced & who they are distributed to are decided by the government rather than by the actions of a market |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of personal characteristics that society defines as being typical of men |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinship system in which newly marreid couples live with the husband's parents |
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Term
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Definition
| a federally defined income limit defined as the cost of an "economy" diet for a family multiplied by three |
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Term
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Definition
| an ordering of all persons in a society according to their degrees of economic resources, prestige & privilege |
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Term
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Definition
| the resources & opportunities that people have to provide themeselves with material goods & favorable living conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who share a common style of life & often identify with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothetical moderl that consists of the most significant characteristics in exttreme form of a social phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| families that have amassed wealth & privilege & that often have substancial prestige as well |
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Term
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Definition
| families whose connection to the economy provides them with a secure comfortable income & allows them to live well above a subsistence level |
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Term
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Definition
| families whose income can reliably provide only for the minimum needs of what other people see as a decent life |
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Term
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Definition
| families whose connection to the economy is so tenuous that they cannot reliably provide for a decent life |
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Term
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Definition
| upper-class, middle-class, working-class, lower-class |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendancy of people to marry others similar to themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| a kinship structure in which the strongest bonds of support & caregiving occcur among a network of women, most of them relatives, who may live in one or more households |
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Term
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Definition
| people who share a common identity and whose members think of themselves as distinct from others by virtue of ancestry, culture & sometimes physical charactersitics |
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Term
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Definition
| people who share a common identity and whose members think of themselves as distinct from others by virtue of ancestry, culture & sometimes physical charactersitics |
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Term
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Definition
| a person living in the U.S. who traces his or her ancestry to Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
| a person living in the U.S. who comes from or is descended from people who came from an asian country |
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Term
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Definition
| people who identify their race as white but do not think of themselves as Hispanic |
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Term
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Definition
| (of black women's experience) the extent to which black women's lives are affected by overlapping systems of class, racial and gender based disadvantage |
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Term
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Definition
| midlevel social institutions & groupings such as the church, the neighborhood, the civil organization & the family |
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Term
| total fertility rate (TFR) |
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Definition
| the average number of children a woman will bear over her lifetime if current birth-rates remain the same |
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Term
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Definition
| families that maintain continual contact between members in the sending & recieving countries |
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Term
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Definition
| a cohabitating relationship in which a couple consider themselves to be marries but habe never had a religious or civil marriage ceremony |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which immigrant groups merge their culture & their behavior with that of the dominant group in the host country |
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Term
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Definition
| a large dense, single ethnic group, almost self sufficient community |
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Term
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Definition
| the resources that a person can access through his or her relationships with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of sexual pratices & attitudes that lead to the formation in a person's mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual |
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Term
| social constructionist perspective |
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Definition
| (on sexuality)the belief that human sexual identities are entirely socially constructed |
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Term
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Definition
| a 1948 book by Alfred Kinsey detailing the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| (on sexuality)the belief that human sexual identites are determined by both social & biological factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that sexual life is artificially oraganized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms |
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Term
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Definition
| a family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship in which two people defin themselves as a couple but do not live together |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual activity by a married person with someone other than his or her spouse |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of having just one sex partner |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that whenever individuals sort, or "select" themselves into groups non randomly some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a stable intimate relationship between tow people who live in the same household but may or may not be married |
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Term
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Definition
| a publicly visible process with rules & restrictions through which young men & women find a partner to marry |
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Term
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Definition
| a sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement |
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Term
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Definition
| a marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and comformity to social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| a marriage in which the emphasis is on affection, friendship & sexual gratification |
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Term
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Definition
| a marriage in which the emphasis is on self development, flexible roles & open communication |
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Term
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Definition
| an intimate relationship entered into for its own sake and which lasts only as long as both partners are satisfied with it |
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Term
| multiple-partner fertility |
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Definition
| having children with more than one partner during one's lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| an analogy to the labor market in which single individuals (or their partners) search for others who will marry them (or their children) |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of the marriage market in which women specialize in housework & child care and men specialize in paid work outside the home |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay & pool their incomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of beginning to live with a partner through cohabitation or marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| workers who provide personal services such as education, health care, communication restaurant meals, legal representation, entertainment, and so forth |
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Term
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Definition
| activity in which one person meets the needs of spouses, partners, children, parents or others who cannot fully care for themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| surveys in which people are asked to keep a record of what they were doing every minutes during a time period |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of having too many roles with conflicting demands |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of mood or behavior between work & home |
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Term
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Definition
| a work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet their responsibilities more easily |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy that allows employees to choose, within limits, when they will begin and end their working hours |
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Term
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Definition
| time off from work to care for a child |
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Term
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Definition
| doing work from home using electronic communication |
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Term
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Definition
| violent acts between family members or between women & men in intimate or dating relationships |
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Term
| situational couple violence |
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Definition
| violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressivley in anger |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern in which a man seeks to control the behabior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts |
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Term
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Definition
| serious physical harm (trauma, sexual abuse with injury or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with intent to injure |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual relations with one's child, brother or sister |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of children from their parental home & their placement in another home |
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Term
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Definition
| physical abuse or neglect of an elderly person by a caregiver |
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Term
| social learning perspective |
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Definition
| the theory that individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by observing what others do & seeing the consequences of these actions |
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Term
| frustration-aggression perspective |
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Definition
| the theory that aggressive behavior occurs when a person is blocked from acheiving a goal |
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Term
| social exchange perspective |
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Definition
| the theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards & costs of that behavior & the rewards of alternatives to it |
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Term
| era of restricted divorce |
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Definition
| the time of a restrictive approach toward divorce, until about the middle of the nineteenth century; divorces were usually granted only on the grounds of adultery or desertion & generally only to men |
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Term
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Definition
| a ruling that a marriage was never properly formed |
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Term
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Definition
| the time of a tolerant approach toward divorce, from the middle of the 19th century until, in the U.S., 1970; the grounds for divorce were widened, & divorce was made more accesible to women |
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Term
| era of unrestricted divorce |
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Definition
| the time of a virtually unrestriced access to divorce, from, in the U.S., 1970 to the present; divorces are usually granted without restriction to any married person who wants one |
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Term
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Definition
| the granting of a divorce simply on the basis of marriage breakdown due to "irreconcilable differences" |
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Term
| legal custody (of children after a divorce) |
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Definition
| the right to make important decisions about the children & the obligation to have legal responsiblity for them |
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Term
| physical custody (of the children after divorce) |
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Definition
| the right of a divorced spouse to have one's children live with one |
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Term
| joint legal custody (ocaad) |
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Definition
| the retaining by both parents of an equal right to make important decisions concerning their children |
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Term
| joint physical custody (ocaad) |
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Definition
| an arrangement whereby the children of divorced parents spend substantial time in the household of each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| an arragement whereby divorced parents coordinate their activities & cooperate w/ each other in raising their children |
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Term
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Definition
| an arrangement whereby divorced parents gravitate toward a more detached style, going about their parenting business separately |
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Term
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Definition
| a period during the 1st year or 2 after parents separate when both the custodial parent & the children experience difficulties in dealing with the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a household in which two adults are married or cohabitating & at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a stepfamily in which the partners are cohabiting without marrying |
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Term
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Definition
| a stepfamily in which the partners are married |
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Term
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Definition
| people who share common ancestors parents & children, uncles & aunts, nephews & nieces, grandparents & grandchildren |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in which descent is reckoned through both the mother's & father's lines |
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Term
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Definition
| a person, such as a stepparent who plays the role in a family that is somewhere between that of a parent & a trusted friend |
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Term
| social security act of 1935 |
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Definition
| the federal act that created, among other provisions, Social Security, unemployment compensation & aid to mothers with dependent children (later renamed Aid to Families w/ dependent children) |
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Term
| Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) |
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Definition
| a federal program of finacial assistance to low-income families, commonly known as "welfare" until it was replaced by Temporary Assistance fro Needy Families (TANF) in 1996 |
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Term
| Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) |
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Definition
| the federal welfare legislation that requires most recipients to work within two years & that limits the amount of time a family can recieve welfare |
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Term
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Definition
| political beliefs about how the government should assist families in caring for dependents |
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Term
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Definition
| a government that claims the right to rule a given territory & its population & to have a monopoly on force in that territory |
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Term
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Definition
| a people with shared economic & cultural interests |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that combines the governmental & cultural connotations of the two words it comprises |
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Term
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Definition
| a captialist government that has enacted numerous measures to protect workers & their families from the harshness of the capitalist system |
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Term
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Definition
| a division of labor in which the husband earns enough money to support his family & the wife remains home to do housework & childcare |
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Term
| Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) |
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Definition
| a refundable tax credit to low-income families with children in which at least one parent is employed |
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Term
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Definition
| a program in which the government is obligated to provide benifits to anyone who qualifies regardless of the total cost of the program |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed amount of money that the federal government gives each state to spend on a set of programs |
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Term
| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) |
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Definition
| a federal program of financial assiistance to low-income families that began in 1996, following passage of new welfare legistlation |
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Term
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Definition
| strict rules w/ no reasoning. parenting style where children are expected to obey. "because i said so" |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting style where rules and guildlines are clearly marked but parents take a more democratic approach. children can ask questions |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting style where parents are seen as more of a friend good at communicating w/ children but have no expectations for them |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting style that lacks any communication or expectation of the child where a parent provides basic needs and little else if that |
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