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| The minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system. It is the amount of stimulus an individual can perceive. |
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| how different two stimuli (in magnitude) must be before they are perceived to be different |
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| the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference by the stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is constant |
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| Expresses the relationship between the intensity of the sensation and the intensity of the stimulus. |
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| other, nonsensory factors influence what the subject says they sense. They include experiences, motives, and expectations. The hit, miss, false alarm, correct negative box |
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| measures how risky the subject is in sensory decision-making; based on nonsensory factors |
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| used to graphically summarize a subject's responses in a signal detection experiment. |
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| the translation of physical energy into neural impulses or action potentials. |
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| the clear domelike window in the front of your eyes that gathers and focuses the incoming light |
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| the hole in the iris that contracts in bright light and expands in low light |
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| the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye. |
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| lies right behind the iris and helps contol the curvature of the light coming in and can focus near or distant objects on the retina |
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| duplicity theory of vision |
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| the retina contains two kind of photoreceptors. The organization of the retinal cells makesl ights pass through intermediate sensory neurons. There is a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no photoreceptors there |
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| used for color vision and for perceiving detail. they are most effective in bright light |
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| used in reduced illumination and have low sensitivity to detail and color. More rods than cones in the eye |
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| only contains cones. As you more further away from the fovea rods increase so visual acuity is best in the fovea which is most sensitive in normal day vision. |
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| Pathway of visual stimulus |
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| Optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, the visual cortex in the occipital lobe, and the superior colliculus |
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| feature detection cells in the cortex |
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simple: orientation
complex: movement
hypercomplex: shape |
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| the subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus. |
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| a physical, objective measurement that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface. |
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| part of the reason is that light reaching the photoreceptors before you entered the theatre bleached the photopigment in the rods |
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| adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas. |
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| related to the wavelegnth of the light entering the eye (400-800 nanometers) |
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| the retina contains three different types of color receptors (cones), which are differentially senstiive to different colors (red, blue, green) |
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| opponent-process theory of color vision |
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| the four primary colors (red, blue, green, yellow) are arranged in opposing pairs so that one opponent process would signal the presence of red or green etc. |
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| a visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus. |
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| Gestalt laws of organiztion |
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| five laws that explain form perception |
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| a gestalt law that says elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit. |
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| a gestalt law that says elements that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together. |
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| a gestalt law that says elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together |
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| a gestalt law that illustrates the tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete |
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| object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules. It then sums up the components to arrive at the whole pattern |
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| object perception that is guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then its components. |
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| the tendency for the perceived size of an object to remain constant despite variations in the size of its retinal image |
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| the tendency for the perveived shape of an object to remain constant despite variations in the shape of its retinal image |
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| tendency for the perceived lightness of an object to remain constant despite changes in illumination |
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| the tendency for the perceived color of an object to remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it. |
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| two different stimuli are presented side by side; if the infant looks longer at one of them, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference between the stimuli |
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| a stimulus is presented to infant; infant eventually stops attending to it; a different stimulus is presented, if the infant attends to it, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference between the new and old stimuli |
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| an apparatus designed by Gibson and Walk to assess infant depth percetion |
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| the number of cycles per second; measured in Hertzes |
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| the amplitude of the sound wave; measured in decibels |
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| the subjective experience of the frequency of the sound |
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| the subjective experience of the intensity of the sound |
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| refers to the quality of the sound |
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| each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate which in turn causes different hair cells to bend. |
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| the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole, and the rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus. This vibration rate is then directly translated into the appropriate number of neural impulses per second. |
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| the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli |
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| a neutral temperature perceived to be neither hot nor cold |
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| the theory that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal chord that turns pain signals on and off. |
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