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| Ionically bonded substances that, when added to water, freely release hydrogen ions. Proton donors. |
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| Alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded, but release a hydroxyl ion. Proton acceptors. |
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Definition
| Help the cell maintain a neutral pH by not allowing excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to accumulate. |
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| Long, complex molecules, often with repeating units. |
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Definition
| Molecules used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structures. |
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| The simplest form of carb also called a simple sugar. Contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring. |
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| A sugar containing 6 carbon atoms. |
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| A sugar containing 5 carbons. |
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| Two monosaccarides joined together through a synthesis reaction. |
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Definition
| Water is created during a synthesis reaction extracted from the saccharides. |
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Definition
| The process of cells using synthesis reactions to build molecules needed for cellular functioning. |
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Definition
| Water is used in the process of breaking down a disaccharide into the monosaccharides it was formed from. |
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Definition
| The decomposition of nutrients. |
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Definition
| Combinations of many monosaccharides, all joined by dehydration synthesis. They have a structural function or a fuel storage function. |
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Definition
| A macromolecule composed of a carb attached to a protein. The carb component of a cell membrane. Has important roles in the adhesion of the cell to other cells and recognition of molecules to be transported into the cell. |
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Definition
| Used in the body for energy and are stored in fat for future energy needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a.k.a. Triglycerides contain three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified, three-carbon simple sugar molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon by single or double bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds, and as many hydrogen atoms as possible are attached to the carbon. |
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Definition
| Some double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
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Definition
| A macromolecule composed of proteins and lipids. Used to transport fats within the body. |
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Definition
| Two fatty acids attached to the glycerol extending in one direction. A phosphate group is attached to a nitrogen-containing compound extending in the other direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids form hydrogen bonds with a polar substance like water. The tails are hydrophobic and non-polar. They are repelled from the water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids that take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Hydrophobic and non-polar. |
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Definition
| Lipids important for the mediation of complex chemical processes in the body. They include prostaglandins, which mediate inflammation, thromboxane, which mediates platelet function and leukotrienes, which mediate bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most abundant organic molecules in the body. The worker molecules of the body that organize and facilitate all metabolic processes. Made chiefly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
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Definition
| The carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid. |
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Definition
| A short chain of two amino acids. |
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Definition
| A chain of three amino acids linked together. |
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Definition
| A chain of ten or more amino acids linked together. When the chain exceeds 100 amino acids it is called a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable, rigid, water-insoluble proteins that are used for adding strength to tissues or cells. Examples include collagen and keratin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water-soluble and have a flexible, three-dimensional shape, which can change under different circumstances. Examples include hemoglobin, antibodies and enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speed up a chemical reaction without being altered or destroyed, and are specific to the reaction that they catalyze and to their substrates, the substances they act upon. |
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Definition
| The largest molecule in the body and are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Only two classes: DNA and RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid exists mainly in the nucleus but also in mitochondria and contains all info needed by cell to build proteins. Consists of two parallel strands of nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribonucleic acid transfers the instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell and builds the proteins. Consists of one strand of nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids. The five necleotides are named for their nitrogenous base; adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, and thymine. Adenine can only bond with thymine. Guanine can only bond with cytosine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Copies the info in the DNA molecule. |
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Definition
| Carries info out of the nucleus. |
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Definition
| Uses info from DNA to create proteins needed for the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine Triphosphate is a molecule that stores Glucose broken down into monosaccharides. An RNA necleotide containing adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bonds between phosphate groups. When these bonds are broken energy is released from the ATP molecule. |
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