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Composition of the Earth
Flashcards I put together for my FIRST COLLEGE EXAM... Composition of the Earth.
40
Geology
Undergraduate 1
09/15/2010

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Term
Oceanic Crust
Composition and thickness
Definition
Basalt-like composition
4 mi thick
Term
Continental Crust
Composition and thickness
Definition
Granite-like composition
20-25 mi thick
Term
Upper Mantle
Composition and thickness
Definition
Composed of olivine
1800 mi think
Term
Lower Mantle
Composition
Definition
Mainly solid, some parts partially molten
Term
Outer/Inner Core
Composition
Definition
Outer: Molten
Inner: Solid
Likely consists of nickel and iron
Term
Isostasy
Definition
The equilibrium of the crust resting on the mantle
Term
Igneous Rocks
Definition
Rocks formed from cooled and solidified magma
Term
Metamorphic Rocks
Definition
Rocks changed by pressure, temperature, or deformation
Term
Sedimentary Rocks
Definition
Rocks that form from loose sediment
Term
Hydrothermal Rocks
Definition
Rocks that precipitate from hot water
Term
Sediment
Definition
Mud, sand, and small rocks
Term
8 Stages of the Rock Cycle
In order
Definition
Weathering
Erosion and Transport
Deposition
Burial and Lithification
Deformation and Metamorphism
Melting
Solidification
Uplift
Term
Weathering
Description and stage #
Definition
Rock is broken apart by wind, rain, animals, etc.
1st stage
Term
Erosion and Transport
Description and stage #
Definition
Rock pieces loosened are moved from their source
2nd stage
Term
Deposition
Description and stage #
Definition
Sediment comes to rest
3rd stage
Term
Burial and Lithification
Description and stage #
Definition
Deposited sediment is compacted by weight of overlaying materials
4th stage
Term
Deformation and Metamorphism
Description and stage #
Definition
Strong forces squeeze and fold the rock
5th stage
Term
Melting (Rock Cycle)
Description and stage #
Definition
Rock exposed to high temps produces magma
6th stage
Term
Solidification
Description and stage #
Definition
Magma cools
7th stage
Term
Uplift
Description and stage #
Definition
Rock is forced back to surface
8th stage [final]
Term
Hydrologic Cycle
Definition
Flow of water from land to ocean to atmosphere and back
Term
Lithosphere
Description and composition
Definition
Solid upper part of the Earth
Strong layer
Term
Asthenosphere
Description and composition
Definition
Just below upper mantle
Silly Putty texture
Term
Hydrosphere
Definition
All types of water
Term
Cryosphere
Definition
Frozen water (ice, snow, etc.)
Term
Biosphere
Definition
Life and all of the places that it can exist
Term
Atmosphere
Definition
Nitrogen and oxygen gas that surrounds Earth
Term
Geosphere
Definition
Solid Earth (crust, mantle, etc.)
Term
Types of Boundaries
Names and descriptions
Definition
Convergent: Moving together
Divergent: Pulling apart
Transform: Move horizontally
Term
Eras of the Earth
Correct order
Definition
Cenozoic (newest)
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian (oldest)
Term
Quantitative Properties
Examples
Definition
Orientation
Surface features
Gas composition
Water flow and chemistry
Term
Slope
Definition
Drop in elevation
Term
Relief
Definition
Height of a feature above an adjacent valley
Term
Depth
Definition
Distance below sea level
Term
Elevation
Definition
Distance above sea level
Term
Principles of Geologic Events
Definition
Youngest layer is on top
Feature is younger than section it crosscuts
Young rock can include pieces of old rock
Young magma can bake old rocks
Term
Melting (Liquid Transformation)
Form to form, sphere to sphere
Definition
Solid to liquid
Cryosphere to hydrosphere
Term
Evaporation
Form to form, sphere to sphere
Definition
liquid to gas
hydrosphere to atmosphere
Term
Condensation
Form to form, sphere to sphere
Definition
Gas to liquid
Atmosphere to hydrosphere
Term
Freezing
Form to form, sphere to sphere
Definition
Liquid to solid
Hydrosphere to cryosphere
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