Term
|
Definition
| A temperature of 0 kelvins |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rate at which velocity changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| The closeness of a measurement to the true value of what was measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound that produces hydronium ions (H3O+)when dissolved in water; a proton donor |
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|
Term
| Actual Mechanical Advantage |
|
Definition
| The ratio of the output force to the input force in a machine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid friction acting on an object moving through the air |
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Term
|
Definition
| The elements in Group 1A of the periodic table, not including hydrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| The elements in Group 2A of the periodic table |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, that has the characteristic properties of a metal |
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Term
|
Definition
| A positively charged particle, emitted by certain radioactive nuclei, made up of two protons and two neutrons; a helium nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| A flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Compounds that contain both carboxyl and amino function groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| The maximum displacement of a medium form the rest position |
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|
Term
| Amplitude Modulation (AM) |
|
Definition
| A method of transmitting a radio signal in which the amplitude of the carrier wave varies while its frequency remains the same |
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Term
|
Definition
| A smoothly varying signal produced by continuously changing the voltage or current in a circuit |
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Term
|
Definition
| The angle an incident ray makes with a line perpendicular to a surface it strikes |
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Term
|
Definition
| The angle a reflected ray makes with a line perpendicular to a surface it strikes |
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Term
|
Definition
| The angle a light ray makes with the normal after it enters a new medium at an angle |
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Term
|
Definition
| An ion with a negative charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| A point of maximum displacement midway between to nodes in a standing wave |
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Term
|
Definition
| The equivalence of the buoyant force on an object and the weight of the fluid displaced by the object |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene |
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Term
|
Definition
| An eye condition in which objects at any distance appear blurry because of the distorted shape of the cornea |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the universe beyond Earth |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smallest particle of an element |
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Term
|
Definition
| One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
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Term
|
Definition
| A unique number for each element that equals the number of protons in an atom of that element |
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Term
|
Definition
| The total distance traveled divided by the time it takes to travel the distance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-)when dissolved in water; a proton acceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| An electron emitted by an unstable nucleus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of life and life processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| The chemical energy stored in living things |
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Term
|
Definition
| The temperature at which a substance boils; the temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The inverse variation of the volume of a gas with its pressure if the temperature and the number of particles are constant |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution that is resistant to large changes in pH |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it |
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Term
|
Definition
| An upward force acting on an object in a fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Instrument used to measure thermal energy released or absorbed during a chemical or physical change |
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Term
|
Definition
| An optical instrument that records an image of an object |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| A substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| An ion with a positive charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| A heating system that heats many rooms from one central location |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A force that continuously changes the direction of an object to make it move in a circle |
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Term
|
Definition
| A series of fission reactions triggered by neutrons released during the fission of a nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the direct proportion of the volume of a gas to its temperature (in kelvins) if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are constant |
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Term
|
Definition
| The force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change that occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| The energy stored in chemical bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A representation of a chemical reaction in which the reactants and products are expressed as formulas |
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Term
|
Definition
| Notation that shows what elements a compound contains and the ratio of the atoms or ions of these elements in the compound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Any property that produces a change in the composition of matter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| A switch that opens when the current in a circuit is too high |
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Term
|
Definition
| Numbers that appear before a formula in a chemical equation to show the relative proportions of each reactant and product |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light waves having the same wavelength, with the crests and troughs lined up |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A mixture that contains some particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, often producing heat and light |
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|
Term
| Complementary Colors of Light |
|
Definition
| Any two colors of light that combine to form white light |
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|
Term
| Complementary Colors of Pigments |
|
Definition
| Any two colors of lgiht that combine to make black pigment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that is made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| A combination of two or more simple machines that operate together |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An area of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A programmable device that can store and process information |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lens that is curved inward at the center and is thickest at the outside edges |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A mirror that is curved inward |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter, within a material or between materials that are touching; the transfer of electric charge by direct contact with a conductor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A material's ability to allow heat or electric charges to flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light-sensitive neurons in the retina that detect color |
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Term
|
Definition
| A constant change in velocity |
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|
Term
| Constructive Interference |
|
Definition
| The interaction among two or more waves in which displacements combine to produce a wave with a larger displacement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from one place to another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Circulation of a fluid in a loop as the fluid alternately heats up and cools down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A ratio of equivalent measurements that is used to convert a quantity form one unit to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lens that is curved outward at the center and is thinnest at the outside edges |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A mirror that is curved outward |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The transparent outer coating of the eye |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of valence electrons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The highest point of a transverse wave |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The angle of incidence that produces an angle of refreaction equal to 90 degrees |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The smallest possible mass of a fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Solids whose particles are arranged in a lattice structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| A unit that compares the intensities of different sounds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The ratio of a material's mass to its volume |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase change in which a gas or vapor changes directly into a solid without first changing into a liquid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The inference among two or more waves in which displacements combine to produce a wave with a smaller displacement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Reflection that occurs when parallel light waves strike a rough, uneven surface and reflect in many different directions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A signal that encodes information as a string of 1's and 0's |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solid-state component with an n-type semiconductor joined to a p-type semiconductor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A flow of electric charge in only one direction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A realtionship between two variables in which their ratio is constant |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of dissolving by breaking into smaller pieces, the process in which white light separates into colors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The separation of ions in an ionic compound as the compound dissolves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The length of the path between two points |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both |
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|
Term
| Double-Replacement Reaction |
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in which two compounds exchange positive ions and form new compounds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The percentage of the work input that becomes the work output in a machine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A property that causes subatomic particles such as protons and electrons to attract or repel one another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A complete path through which an electric charge can flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuous flow of electric charge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A field in a region of space that exerts electric forces on charged particles; a field produced by electric charges or by changing magnetic fields |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The attraction of repulsion between electrically charged objects |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that uses an electromagnet to turn an axle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A material through which electric charge can flow easily |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy associated with electric charges |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A material through which electric energy cannot flow easily |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound that produces ions when it dissolves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A solenoid with a ferromagnetic core |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of energy consisting of changing electric and magnetic fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A force associated with charged particles, which has two aspects, electric force and magnetic force |
|
|
Term
| Electromagnetic Induction |
|
Definition
| The process of generating a current by moving an electrical conductor relative to a magnetic field |
|
|
Term
| Electromagnetic Radiation |
|
Definition
| The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The full range of electromagnetic radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transverse wave consisting of changing electric and changing magnetic fields |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in the space outside the nucleus of an atom |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A visual model of the most likely locations for the electrons in an atom |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagram of an atom, ion or molecule in which each dot represents a valence electron |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The science of using electric currents to process or transmit information |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Information sent as patterns in the controlled flow of electrons through a circuit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of a change in which a system absorbs energy from its surroundings |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction that absorbs energy form its surroundings |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The practice of finding ways to use less energy of to use energy more efficiently |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of changing energy from one form to another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The possible energies that electrons in an atom can have |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that acts as a catalyst for reactions in cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A state in which the forward and reverse paths of a physical of chemical change take place at the same rate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance's boiling point |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of a change in which a system releases energy to its surroundings |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings |
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|
Term
| External Combustion Engine |
|
Definition
| A heat engine in which the fuel burns outside the engine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An eye condition that causes nearby objects to be blurry |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A material that can be magnetized because it contains magnetic domains |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus is split into two smaller parts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A material's ability to burn in the presence of oxygen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance or mixture that flows and has no shape of its own |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A friction force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A process in which phosphorescent material converts radiation into visible light |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at which light rays parallel to the axis of a mirror or lens meet or appear to meet |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A push or a pull that acts on an object |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Rich deposits of hydrocarbon mixtures that formed from the remains of organisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of an object toward Earth because of gravity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of complete cycles per unit time for a periodic motion |
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|
Term
| Frequency Modulation (FM) |
|
Definition
| A method of transmitting a radio signal in which the frequency of the carrier wave varies while its amplitude remains the same |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The mixed point a lever rotates around |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An atom or group of atoms that determines the properties of an organic compound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that prevents overheating due to current overload in a circuit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a larger nucleus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that uses an electromagnet to measure small amounts of current |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A penetrating form of radiation emitted by an unstable nucleus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by the relative motion of a coil of wire with respect to a magnetic field |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermal energy beneath Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
| Gravitational Potential Energy |
|
Definition
| Potential energy that depends upon an object's height above a reference point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The attraction between any two objects because of their masses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A state in which all the electrons in an atom have the lowest possible energies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of excess charge through a conductor to Earth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A column of elements in a periodic table |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The time required for one half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The elements in Group 7A of the periodic table |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of the difference in temperature |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Any device that converts thermal energy into work |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy a substance must absorb in order to change from a solid to a liquid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy a substance must absorb in order to change from a liquid to a gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that uses work to transfer thermal energy from a colder area to a warmer area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The unit of measure for frequency, equal to one cycle per second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of mixture in which the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of mixture in which the substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance in the mixture from another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A common unit of power, equal to about 746 watts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that uses a pressurized fluid acting on pistons of different sizes to increase force |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy obtained from flowing water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell that generates electricity from a controlled reaction between hydrogen and oxygen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A proposed answer to a question |
|
|
Term
| Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) |
|
Definition
| The mechanical advantage of a machine in the absence of friction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of an object hot enough to glow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A slanted surface along which a force moves an object to a different elevation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of charge without contact between materials |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The distance between the fulcrum in a lever and the input force |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The distance through which the input force acts in a machine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The force exerted on a machine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate at which an object is moving at a given moment in time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A thin slice of silicon that contains many solid-state components; a microchip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate at which a wave's energy flows through a given unit of area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interaction of two or more waves that combine in a region of overlap |
|
|
Term
| Internal Combustion Engine |
|
Definition
| A heat engine in which the fuel burns inside the engine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship in which the product of two variables is a constant when all other variables are held constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The force that holds cations and anions together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which neutral molecules gain or lose electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The colored part at the front of the eye, which expands and contracts to control the amount of light entering the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atoms of a given element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The SI unit of work, equal to 1 newton-meter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy an object has due to its motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that generates a beam of coherent light |
|
|
Term
| Law of Conservation of Charge |
|
Definition
| Law stating that the total electric charge in an isolated system is constant; electric charge is never created or destroyed |
|
|
Term
| Law of Conservation of Momentum |
|
Definition
| Law stating that the total momentum of a system does not change it no net force acts on the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The straight-line distance between two points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An object made of any thin, transparent material that has one or two curved surfaces that can refract light |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An upward force due to a pressure difference between the top and bottom of a wing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A graph in which the displayed data form a straight line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The state of matter in which a material has a definite volume but not a definite shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A physical response to the intensity of sound, modified by physical factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of an object that gives off its own light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that changes a force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region that has a large number of atoms with aligned magnetic fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A field in a region of space that exerts magnetic forces; a field produced by magnets, by changing electric fields, or by moving charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The force a magnetic field exerts on a magnet, on a ferromagnetic material, or on a moving electric charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region on a magnet where the force produced by a magnet is strongest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area surrounding Earth that is influenced by Earth's magnetic field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable that causes a change in another variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of matter in an object; a measure of the inertia of an object, which depends on the amount of matter the object contains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of times that a machine increases an input force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy associated with the motion and position of everyday objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The material through which a wave travels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The attraction between a metal cation and the shared electrons that surround it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elements with properties that fall between those of metals and nonmetals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An optical instrument that uses lenses to provide enlarged images of very small, near objects |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| A false or distorted image |
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Term
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Definition
| A representation of an object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of moles of a dissolved solute per liter of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| The mass of one mole of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| An amount of a substance that contains approximately 6.02x10^23 particles of the substance |
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Term
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Definition
| A neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| The product of an object's mass and its velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| A small organic molecule that joins with other monomers to form a polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| An eye condition in which distant objects are blurry |
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Term
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Definition
| The overall force acting on an object after all the forces are combined |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid in which all the atoms are linked by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction between an acid and a base |
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Term
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Definition
| A neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| The SI unit for force, equal to the force that causes a 1-kilogram mass to accelerate at a rate of 1 meter per second squared (1N=1 kg*m/s2) |
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Term
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Definition
| The elements in Group 8A of the periodic table |
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Term
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Definition
| A point on a standing wave that has no displacement from the rest position |
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Term
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Definition
| A graph in which the displayed data form a curved line |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current |
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Term
| Nonrenewable Energy Resource |
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Definition
| A source of energy that exists in limited quantities and, once used, cannot be replaced except over the course of millions of years |
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Term
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Definition
| The energy stored in atomic nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Charged particles and electromagnetic waves that are emitted from the nuclei of radioisotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| A large, nitrogen-containing polymer, found mainly in the nuclei of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The dense, positively charged mass located in the center of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| Information obtained through the senses |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship of voltage, current, and resistance: V=IR |
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Term
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Definition
| A description of a material that either absorbs or reflects all of the light the strikes it so nothing can be seen through it |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen or nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance between the fulcrum in a lever and the output force |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance an output force acts through in a machine |
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Term
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Definition
| The force exerted by a machine |
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Term
| Oxidation-Reduction (redox) Reaction |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another |
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Term
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Definition
| An electric circuit with two or more paths through which charge can flow |
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Term
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Definition
| The SI unit of pressure, equal to 1 newton per square meter (N/m2) |
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Term
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Definition
| A row in a periodic table of elements; the time required for one complete cycle of a periodic motion |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of repeating properties displayed by elements in the periodic table |
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Term
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Definition
| Any motion that repeats at regular intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrangement of elements in columns, based on a set of properties that repeat from row to row |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the hydronium ion concentration of a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid material that emits lights by fluorescence |
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Term
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Definition
| The emission of electrons from a metal caused by light striking the metal |
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Term
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Definition
| A packet of electromagnetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which plants chemically combine carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, a process requiring light and chlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| A change that occurs when some properties of a material change, but the substances in the material stay the same |
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Term
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Definition
| Any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion |
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Term
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Definition
| A material that selectively absorbs certain colors of light and reflects other colors |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency of a sound as a listener perceives it |
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Term
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Definition
| A mirror with a flat surface |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of matter in which atoms have been stripped of their electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of light including light with waves that vibrate in only one plane |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge an acts as a unit |
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Term
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Definition
| A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage, or the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in the electric field |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy that is stored as a result of position of shape |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| A gauge of how exact a measurement is |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of a force distributed over an area |
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Term
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Definition
| Three specific colors that can be combined in varying intensities to create millions of colors |
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Term
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Definition
| New substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| The curved path of an object in free fall after it is given an initial forward velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| A long polymer that forms when amino acids bond together |
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Term
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Definition
| A positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening that allows light to enter the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Matter that always has exactly the same composition; an element or compound |
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Term
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Definition
| A subatomic particle theorized to be among the basic units of matter |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of energy by waves moving through space |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| An isotope with an unstable nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are spread out |
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Term
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Definition
| A diagram that shows how light rays change direction when they strike mirrors and pass through lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that undergoes change into products over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which reactants change into products over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances |
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Term
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Definition
| A copy of an object formed at the point where light rays actually meet |
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Term
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Definition
| A telescope that uses only lenses to collect and focus light |
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Term
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Definition
| The bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid that vaporizes and condenses inside the tubing of a heat pump |
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Term
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Definition
| A reflection that occurs when parallel light waves strike a surface and all reflect in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement in relation to a frame of reference |
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Term
| Renewable Energy Resource |
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Definition
| A source of energy that can be replaced in a relatively short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposition to the flow of electric charges in a material |
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Term
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Definition
| The response of a standing wave to another wave of the same frequency, with dramatic increase in amplitude of the standing wave |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable that changes in response to a change in the manipulated variable |
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Term
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Definition
| The vector sum of two or more vectors |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner surface of the back of the eye, containing light-sensitive nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction in which the conversion of reactants into products and the conversion of products into reactants happens at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Light-sensitive neurons in the retina that detect low-intensity light and distinguish black, white, and gray |
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Term
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Definition
| A friction force that acts on rolling objects, caused by the change in shape at the point of rolling contact |
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Term
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Definition
| A ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a base |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon in which all of the bonds are single bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution that contains as much solute as the solvent can normally hold at a given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which light is redirected as it passes through a medium |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of knowledge about the natural world and the methods used to find that knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized plan used for gathering, organizing, and communicating information |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 |
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Term
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Definition
| A well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results |
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Term
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Definition
| An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder |
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Term
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Definition
| New color that results when any two of the primary colors are combined |
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Term
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Definition
| A crystalline solid that conducts electric current only under certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| An electric circuit with only one path through which charge can flow |
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Term
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Definition
| All the digits in a measurement that are directly measured, plus the last digit, which is estimated |
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Term
| Single-Replacement Reaction |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| A friction force that opposes the motion of an object as it slides over a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| The steepness of a line, equal to the ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal change |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunlight that is converted into usable energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A coil of current-carrying wire that produces a magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of matter in which materials have a definite shape and a definite volume |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum amount of solute that normally dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance whose particles are dissolved in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture that forms when substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance in which a solute dissolves |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for determining the distance to an object under water |
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Term
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Definition
| A longitudinal wave consisting of compressions and rarefactions, which travels through a medium |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a material by one degree Celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the distance an object moves to the amount of time the object moves |
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Term
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Definition
| A wave that appears to stay in one place and does not seem to move through a medium |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the behavior of electric charges, including how charge is transferred between objects |
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Term
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Definition
| A friction force that acts on objects that are not moving |
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Term
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Definition
| The powerful attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first |
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Term
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Definition
| Matter that always has exactly the same composition; an element or compound |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced, or substituted |
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Term
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Definition
| A material that has almost zero resistance when it is cooled to low temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution that contains more solute that the solvent can normally hold at a given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| A wave that travels along a surface between two media |
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Term
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Definition
| A heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to form a single substance |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems |
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Term
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Definition
| An optical instrument that uses lenses and/or mirrors to collect and focus light from distant objects |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point |
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Term
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Definition
| The constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| A material that conducts thermal energy well |
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Term
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Definition
| The total potential and kinetic energy of all the particles in an object |
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Term
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Definition
| The increase in volume of a material when its temperature increases |
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Term
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Definition
| A material that conducts thermal energy poorly |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of conversions between thermal energy and other forms of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A color-coded picture using variations in infrared radiation to show variations in temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument that measures temperature |
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Term
| Total Internal Reflection |
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Definition
| The complete reflection of a light ray back into its original medium when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle of rarefaction |
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Term
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Definition
| A device that increases or decreases the voltage of two linked AC circuits |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid-state component with three layers of semiconductor material, used to turn current on or off or to increase the strength of electronic signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements that form a bridge between elements on the left and right sides of the periodic table |
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Term
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Definition
| A description of a material that scatters light that passes through it |
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of one element to another through a nuclear reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| A description of a material that allows most of the light that strikes it to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest point of a transverse wave |
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Term
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Definition
| A device with fanlike blades that turn when pushed, for example, by water or steam |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| An electron that is in the highest occupied energy level of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid into a gas |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure caused by the collisions of particles in a vapor with the walls of a container |
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Term
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Definition
| A quantity that has a direction associated with it |
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Term
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Definition
| The speed and direction an object is moving, measured relative to a reference point |
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Term
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Definition
| A copy of an object formed at the point from which light appears to be coming |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing; resistance to flowing |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic compound that organisms need in small amounts, but cannot produce |
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Term
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Definition
| Potential difference, the difference in the electrical potential energy between two places in an electric field |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of space taken up by an object |
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Term
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Definition
| Thermal energy discharged into an area at a lower temperature without being converted into useful work |
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Term
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Definition
| The SI unit of power, equal to one joule per second |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance between a point on a wave and the same point on the next cycle of the wave |
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Term
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Definition
| A powerful attractive force that acts over a short range |
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Term
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Definition
| A V-shaped object whose sides are two inclined planes sloped toward each other |
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Term
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Definition
| The force of gravity acting on an object |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple machine that consists of two rigidly attached disks or cylinders, each one with a different radius |
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Term
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Definition
| The product of distance and the force in the direction an object moves |
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Term
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Definition
| The work done on a machine as the input force acts through the input distance |
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Term
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Definition
| The work done by a machine as the output force acts through the output distance |
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