Term
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Definition
A late 18th century scientist noted that for some reason animal populations remained relatively constant in size even though they were theoretically capable of rapid growth based solely upon their ability to reproduce. Simply put, “more offspring are produced than survive”. This insightful observation resulted in a book (Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798) that was important in our understanding of evolution. Who wrote this book?
a. Thomas Malthus
b. Alfred Russell Wallace
c. Charles Darwin
d. Alexander Oparin
e. Miller and Urey |
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Term
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Definition
You have discovered a “new” structure in a cell that is quite unlike any other subcellular structure yet identified. It would not be surprising that, in spite of your limited knowledge of this beyond a fairly detailed analysis of its structure, you could actually make an educated hypothesis (or guess if you prefer) concerning its:
a. taxonomy.
b. function.
c. development.
d. evolution.
e. molecular makeup. |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere is converted to ammonia by soil bacteria. The ammonia may then be incorporated into amino acids by plants. The plants eventually die and the proteins are broken down by other bacteria, which finally release the nitrogen back into the atmosphere, again as nitrogen gas (N2). This entire process would be an example of:
a. energy flow.
b. nutrient cycling.
c. symbiosis
d. heterotrophism.
e. systems biology. |
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Term
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Definition
According to the presently accepted definition of what constitutes a cell, all cells must have a/an:
a. mitochondria.
b. chloroplasts.
c. endoplasmic reticulum.
d. plasma membrane.
e. Cells must have all of the above structures. |
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Term
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Definition
Today, all life forms use what macromolecule as their genetic material?
a. RNA
b. DNA
c. polypeptides
d. lipids
e. complex carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
Cells that would not have a well defined nucleus would be found in organisms classified as:
a. Archaea.
b. Fungi.
c. Protozoans.
d. Plants.
e. marsupials. |
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Term
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Definition
Using a series of relatively simple observations to determine general principles would best be described as an example of:
a. simple logic.
b. inductive reasoning.
c. deductive reasoning.
d. pyramidal logic.
e. hierarchical analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
When comparing the wings that various organisms use to fly, the wings of a flying insect and the wings of a flying mammal such as a bat are best considered to be:
a. homologous structures.
b. homeostatic structures.
c. histochemically unrelated.
d. analogous structures.
e. examples of homeodomains. |
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Term
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Definition
Which of the following letters, used as shorthand notation for individual nucleotides, would not commonly be associated with a DNA sequence?
a. A
b. C
c. G
d. T
e. U |
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Term
| d. All of the above are acidic pH values. |
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Definition
Which of the pH values given below would be considered acidic?
a. 1.0
b. 2.0
c. 6.0
d. All of the above are acidic pH values.
e. None of the above pH values is considered acidic. |
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Term
| d. The cation has fewer electrons. |
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Definition
The cation form of an element is compared to the uncharged form of the same element. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. The cation has fewer protons.
b. The cation has a different half-life
c. The cation has more neutrons.
d. The cation has fewer electrons.
e. The cation has more electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
12. Bicarbonate is critical to maintaining the pH of the blood stream at “physiological pH”. A substance like bicarbonate, which acts to maintain the pH of a solution at its present value, counteracting the effects of adding acid or base, is called a/an:
a. anion.
b. cation.
c. buffer.
d. salt.
e. hydrophile. |
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Term
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Definition
Bicarbonate is critical to maintaining the pH of the blood stream at “physiological pH”. A substance like bicarbonate, which acts to maintain the pH of a solution at its present value, counteracting the effects of adding acid or base, is called a/an:
a. anion.
b. cation.
c. buffer.
d. salt.
e. hydrophile. |
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Term
| b. it can form hydrogen bonds between individual molecules. |
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Definition
Water is a liquid at room temperature (and not a gas) because:
a. it can form ionic bonds between ionized molecules.
b. it can form hydrogen bonds between individual molecules.
c. it can dissociate to form hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
d. it has a relatively high molecular weight.
e. it forms a strong hydration shell. |
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Term
|
Definition
C6H12O6 is an example of a/an:
a. atomic structure.
b. atomic formula.
c. molecular formula.
d. structural formula.
e. Lewis structure. |
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Term
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Definition
Which of the following pH values would be most likely to be close to the pH of the extracellular fluid that bathes the cells of the human body?
a. 0.0
b. 1.0
c. 7.0
d. 10.0
e. 14.0 |
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Term
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Definition
Which of these is an amino group?
a. -COOH
b. -SH
c. -PO4
d. -C=O
e. -NH3 |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of these is an sulfhydrl?
a. -COOH
b. -SH
c. -PO4
d. -C=O
e. -NH3 |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of these is an carbonyl group?
a. -COOH
b. -SH
c. -PO4
d. -C=O
e. -NH3 |
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Term
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Definition
Scientists now believe that all organisms presently living on Earth are modified descendents of common ancestors. This idea reflects our presently accepted theory concerning:
a. taxonomy.
b. reproduction.
c. development.
d. evolution.
e. biological order. |
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Term
| d. Water Density decreases as its temperature rises |
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Definition
The effectiveness of sweating as a mechanism of cooling the human body reflects what important property of water?
a. Cohesion—water molecules “stick together”
High specific heat--water requires much energy to raise its temperature
c. High heat of vaporization--much energy absorbed when water evaporates
d. Water density decreases as its temperature rises
e. All of the above are properties of water that are important to its ability to cool the human body. |
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Term
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Definition
Two compounds share the same chemical formula but are obviously not the same compound. A comparison of the two structures reveals that the two are “mirror images” of each other. Most likely these two compounds are:
a. structural isomers.
b. enantiomers.
c. isotopes.
d. carbohydrates.
e. ions |
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Term
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Definition
Two different types of atoms have reacted to form a molecule. Curiously, a close inspection of the atoms reveals that one atom has 11 protons and 10 electrons, while the other has 17 protons and 18 electrons. This molecule is most likely held together by:
a. a single covalent bond.
b. a double covalent bond.
c. an ionic bond.
d. a hydrogen bond.
e. None of the above is a correct answer. |
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Term
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Definition
An experiment which demonstrated that heat, lightning and other conditions theorized to have existed at the time of the “early earth” could produce simple organic compounds such as fatty acids and amino acids was done by:
a. Darwin.
b. Wallace.
c. Malthus.
d. Miller and Urey.
e. Isaac Newton |
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Term
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Definition
The number of domains that are recognized by the presently accepted taxonomic classification system is:
a. one.
b. two.
c. three.
d. four.
e. five. |
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Term
|
Definition
The subatomic particle with no net charge is:
a. the proton.
b. the positron.
c. the neutron.
d. the electron.
e. the beta particle. |
|
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Term
| d. a double covalent bond. |
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Definition
Two atoms share four electrons. This is an example of:
a. Van der Waals forces.
b. an ionic bond.
c. hydrogen bonding.
d. a double covalent bond.
e. a tretravalent covalent bond. |
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Term
|
Definition
The term “Eukarya” is an example of a/an:
a. species.
b. phylum.
c. order.
d. domain.
e. kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
In the context of atomic structure, the three dimensional space where one would expect to find a given electron at least 90% of the time would be that electron’s:
a. valence.
b. valence shell.
c. orbital
d. potential energy.
e. isotopic zone. |
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Term
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Definition
Two atoms have the same number of protons in their nuclei but differ in the number of neutrons they possess. These two atoms should be considered
a. compounds.
b. enantiomers.
c. isomers.
d. ions.
e. isotopes. |
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Term
|
Definition
An example of a type of chemical bond which involves a full separation of charge (transfer of electrons) is a/an:
a. hydrogen bond.
b. ionic bond.
c. covalent bond.
d. hydrophobic bond.
e. electron bond. |
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Term
|
Definition
The process of converting a sequence of nucleotides in a RNA molecule into a protein is called:
a. replication.
b. transversion.
c. translation.
d. transcription.
e. proteomics. |
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Term
| c. it is about 4 degrees Celsius. |
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Definition
A collection of water molecules would be at its most dense when:
a. it is about to boil.
b. it is frozen.
c. it is about 4 degrees Celsius.
d. steam.
e. The density of water is greatest and equal in answers “a”, “b” and “c”. |
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Term
|
Definition
An example of a trace element (less than 0.01% of body mass) required for proper human nutrition is:
a. nitrogen.
b. iodine.
c. sulphur.
d. hydrogen.
e. calcium. |
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Term
|
Definition
35. The enzymatic pathways of cells are often/generally regulated in one or more fashions. One of these strategies allows a product that is accumulating to a level higher than needed by the cell to inhibit one or more enzymes involved in its synthesis—slowing production. This is an example of:
a. positive feedback.
b. site-directed inhibition.
c. metabolomics.
d. negative feedback.
e. competitive inhibition. |
|
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Term
| c. a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid. |
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Definition
A colloid is:
a. a hydrophilic compound.
b. a hydrophobic compound.
c. a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid.
d. an excellent solvent for hydrophobic compounds.
e. A large polysaccharide. |
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Term
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Definition
Anything that occupies space and has mass is considered to be:
a. an element.
b. an atomic particle.
c. matter.
d. a compound.
e. a molecule. |
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Term
|
Definition
The biodiversity we observe on earth today is considered high (but declining…), and the actual number of different species that have been identified/described to date is:
a. at least 100,000.
b. nearly two million.
c. over ten million.
d. perhaps 50 million.
e. as many as 100 million. |
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Term
|
Definition
The amount of energy that is required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celcius is defined as:
a. one calorie.
b. one kilocalorie.
c. one joule.
d. one atomic unit.
e. one thermal unit. |
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Term
|
Definition
The mass of both atoms and subatomic particles is generally measured/recorded in:
a. moles.
b. grams.
c. daltons.
d. atomic numbers.
e. mass numbers. |
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Term
|
Definition
A substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio is most specifically decribed as being:
a. matter
b. a compound.
c. a solution.
d. a molecule.
e. an ion. |
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Term
|
Definition
A tentative answer to a well-framed question would be well described as a/an:
a. hypothesis.
b. theory.
c. observation.
d. dogma.
e. prediction. |
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Term
|
Definition
The solid substance that is dissolved in a liquid to form a solution is best described in its dissolved state as a/an:
a. solute.
b. solvent.
c. product.
d. reactant.
e. solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
In biological systems, a hydrogen bond involves the “sharing” of a hydrogen atom by two atoms. There two atoms are commonly oxygen and/or:
a. nitrogen.
b. carbon.
c. sulphur.
d. phosphorous.
e. hydrogen. |
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Term
|
Definition
Up to 96% of the mass of living organisms (e.g. human body) is made up of only 4 elements. These four do NOT include:
a. nitrogen.
b. phosphorous.
c. carbon.
d. hydrogen.
e. oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
A carbon atom is found to be connected to a methyl group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen and a hydroxyl group. This carbon is best described as being:
a. anomeric.
b. assymetric.
c. enantiomeric.
d. geometric.
e. isomeric. |
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Term
|
Definition
Oils and similar hydrocarbons do not dissolve well in water. This is because they are:
a. hydrophilic.
b. solvents.
c. solutes.
d. hydrophobic.
e. colloidal. |
|
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Term
| a. its valence electrons. |
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Definition
The chemical behavior of an atom is primarily determined by:
a. its valence electrons.
b. the protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
c. its electronegativity.
d. its total potential energy.
e. its molecular formula. |
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Term
|
Definition
The genes found in cells are actually composed of subunits called:
a. amino acids.
b. nucleotides.
c. lipids.
d. hexoses.
e. vitamins. |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is a nucleotide?
a. ATP
b. fats
c. sugars
d. phospholipids
e. cholesterol |
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Term
|
Definition
An example of a energy storage polymer commonly found in animals and made entirely of unmodified glucose repeat units:
a. glycogen.
b. ATP.
c. cellulose.
d. colloid.
e. starch. |
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Term
|
Definition
The monomer repeat units of nucleic acids are connected to each other by what type of bonds?
a. peptide bonds
b. phosphodiester bonds
c. glycosidic bonds
d. hydrogen bonds
e. ionic bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
You have isolated a molecule that seems to be composed of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. This molecule is most likely an example of a/an:
a. amino acid.
b. carbohydrate.
c. fatty acid.
d. nucleotide.
e. phosphoglycolipid. |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of the following types of bonds is/are key to the maintenance of a protein’s secondary structure?
a. hydrogen bonds
b. ionic bonds
c. disulfide bonds
d. peptide bonds.
e. All of the above are correct answers to the question. |
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Term
|
Definition
A single polypeptide chain folds back on itself and two cysteine amino acids form a disulfide bridge. This folding, stabilized by the disulfide bridge, would be an example of:
a. primary structure.
b. a peptide bond.
c. secondary structure.
d. tertiary structure.
e. quaternary structure. |
|
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Term
| a. scanning electron microscopy. |
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Definition
You would like to get an accurate and near three dimensional representation of the outer surface of a cell’s plasma membrane. An appropriate strategy would be to utilize:
a. scanning electron microscopy.
b. transmission electron microscopy.
c. light microscopy.
d. x-ray crystallography.
e. cell fractionation techniques. |
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Term
|
Definition
The sugar or sugar-like molecule to which the fatty acids are attached in phospholipids is:
a. glucose.
b. glycerol.
c. ramnose.
d. ribose.
e. deoxyribose |
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Term
|
Definition
A fatty acid has only single bonds connecting carbons in its chain. It would be best described as being:
a. saturated.
b. a transfat.
c. monounsaturated.
d. polyunsaturated.
e. fully oxidized. |
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Term
|
Definition
Which cytoskeletal element is made of actin and is required for contraction of muscle fibers?
a. intermediate filaments
b. microfilaments
c. flagella
d. tubulin
e. thylakoid |
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Term
|
Definition
As a scientist you very carefully inject a small water-soluble blue dye molecule into a single cell of a piece of living human tissue. After a while you note that it has spread into adjacent cells. This most likely occurred because of
a. active transport.
b. gap junctions.
c. tight junctions.
d. osmosis.
e. plasmodesmata. |
|
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Term
| d. A and B are both correct |
|
Definition
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
a. reduces membrane fluidity at moderate/warm temperatures
b. helps the plasma membrane resist solidification at lower temperatures
c. cholesterol has no function in the plasma membrane, that’s why you should reduce your cholesterol intake
d. a. and b. are both correct
e. none of the above are correct |
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Term
|
Definition
In animal cells, microtubules are initiated at the centrosome, which contains a pair of ___________.
a. centromeres
b. basal bodies
c. motor proteins
d. centrioles
e. ribosomes |
|
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Term
| d. chaperones/chaperonins. |
|
Definition
Proteins which act/aid to correctly fold (or aid in the folding of) other proteins are called:
a. enzymes.
b. catalysts.
c. ribosomes.
d. chaperones/chaperonins.
e. hydrolases. |
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Term
|
Definition
The monomer repeat units of chitin are:
a. amino acids.
b. nucleotides.
c. phospholipids.
d. sugar molecules.
e. glycerol units. |
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Term
|
Definition
An example of a structural carbohydrate used to make cell wall of fungi is:
a. cellulose.
b. glycogen.
c. starch.
d. chitin.
e. lignin. |
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Term
|
Definition
The monomer repeat units of a protein chain are connected to each other by what type of bonds?
a. peptide bonds
b. phosphodiester bonds
c. ester bonds
d. hydrogen bonds
e. ionic bonds. |
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Term
|
Definition
A fatty acid has 12 single bonds and three double bonds connecting the carbon atoms in its chain. It would be best described as being:
a. saturated.
b. a transfat.
c. monounsaturated.
d. polyunsaturated.
e. a triglyceride. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
In addition to fatty acids, plasma membranes of animals contain a substantial amount of another lipid called __________.
a. terpenes
b. free fatty acids
c. cholesterol
d. glycerol
e. actin |
|
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Term
| e. All of the above are correct answers. |
|
Definition
Which of the following types of bonds is/are likely to be involved in the formation and maintenance of a protein’s quaternary structure?
a. hydrogen bonds
b. ionic bonds
c. disulfide bonds
d. hydrophobic interactions between lipophilic amino acids.
e. All of the above are correct answers. |
|
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Term
| a. condensation reactions. |
|
Definition
Biological polymers are most commonly assembled from monomer subunits by:
a. condensation reactions.
b. hydrolysis.
c. dissolution.
d. salvation.
e. macromolecular cleavage. |
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Term
|
Definition
The actual sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide/protein is called its:
a. primary structure.
b. secondary structure.
c. tertiary structure.
d. quaternary structure.
e. None of the above is a correct answer. |
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Term
|
Definition
The net movement of WATER across a membrane, from an area of high concentration to one of lower water concentration, is best described as:
a. diffusion.
b. facilitated diffusion.
c. selective permeability.
d. osmosis.
e. active transport. |
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Term
|
Definition
Which of the following biological molecules is most likely to be found to contain regions of beta sheet?
a. a polypeptide
b. cholesterol
c. DNA
d. cellulose
e. glycogen |
|
|
Term
| d. protein and ribosomal RNAs. |
|
Definition
Ribosomes consist of:
a. protein and DNA.
b. net-like array of protein filaments.
c. a pore complex and a double membrane.
d. protein and ribosomal RNAs.
e. None of the above is the correct answer to the question. |
|
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Term
| b. the organelles within a cell. |
|
Definition
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is well-suited to study:
a. the surface of a specimen.
b. the organelles within a cell.
c. the structure of membranes.
d. the 3-dimensional topography of a cell.
e. b and c. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A phosphodiester bond would most likely be associated with which of the following types of macromolecules?
a. a protein
b. nucleic acids
c. cellulose
d. chitin
e. phospholipids and fats |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The individual monomer units of a cellulose molecule are connected by ____bonds.
a. peptide
b. phosphodiester
c. hydrogen
d. lignin
e. glycosidic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The area within the nucleus that is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNAs is called the:
a. nucleosome.
b. nucleolus.
c. nuclear organizing center.
d. nucleoid.
e. the area responsible for the synthesis of rRNA is found within the cytoplasm. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A red blood cell is placed in a solution of 3.0 M NaCl (saline for transfusions is 0.15 M). This solution is _______ compared to the red blood cell.
a. hypotonic
b. hydrophilic
c. isotonic
d. turgid
e. hypertonic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An example of a junction designed to prevent fluids (and other things) from penetrating around a cell (such as in the intestinal epithelial lining separating the gut from the capillaries) would be a/an:
a. tight junction.
b. desmosome.
c. gap junction
d. plasmodesmata.
e. None of the above would function to prevent fluid penetration. |
|
|
Term
| e. facilitated diffusion. |
|
Definition
Glucose enters red blood cells of a mammal through the process known as:
a. diffusion.
b. active transport.
c. osmosis.
d. bulk transport.
e. facilitated diffusion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cell fractionation:
a. is a useful tool for studying cell structure and function.
b. results in single plane fluorescence.
c. bases separation of subcellular components on size and density.
d. both a and c.
e. both b and c. |
|
|
Term
| b. synthesis of proteins destined for secretion. |
|
Definition
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of:
a. synthesis of proteins destined for the cytoplasm.
b. synthesis of proteins destined for secretion.
c. synthesis of ribosomes.
d. synthesis of lipids.
e. synthesis of microtubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Osmosis requires:
a. glycolipids.
b. aquaporins.
c. diffusons.
d. active transport.
e. facilitated diffusion transporters. |
|
|
Term
| d. the “angle” of the bond connecting the monomers. |
|
Definition
The primary difference between amylose (form of starch) and cellulose would be:
a. the length of the polymer chain.
b. the monomer subunits are different.
c. the presence/absence of branching.
d. the “angle” of the bond connecting the monomers.
e. Actually the two are quite similar and one is simply used for energy storage while the other is the same molecule used for structural purposes. |
|
|
Term
| b. three fatty acids and glycerol. |
|
Definition
A storage fat molecule is made up of:
a. two fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate and another alcohol type unit.
b. three fatty acids and glycerol.
c. two fatty acids and glycerol.
d. two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group.
e. three fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate and an alcohol type unit. |
|
|
Term
| c. increasing the number of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the lipid component. |
|
Definition
For the plasma membrane to remain functional it must remain fluid. When necessary, a membrane’s fluidity can be increased by:
a. adding more pores.
b. increasing the total protein content.
c. increasing the number of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the lipid component.
d. increasing the sugar context of the surrounding extracellular matrix.
e. reducing the tension in the cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A phospholipid has a structure that consists of a charged water soluble end with lipophilic fatty acids tails “hanging” from it. For this reason the molecule is said to be:
a. hydrophobic.
b. hydrophilic.
c. amphibolic.
d. catabolic.
e. amphipathic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The type of intercellular junction that attaches neighboring cells together by effectively connecting the cytoskeleton of one to the other, is called a:
a. desmosome.
b. tight junction.
c. gap junction.
d. porin.
e. fibronectin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A organelle found in animal cells but not in plant cells is the:
a. golgi apparatus.
b. peroxisome.
c. plasma membrane.
d. nucleolus.
e. centrosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The side of the golgi apparatus that receives transport vesicles from the ER is called:
a. the cisternae.
b. the trans face.
c. the cis face.
d. the rough ER.
e. the secretory face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
92. Muscle cell contraction is assisted by the mechanics of:
a. dyneins.
b. pseudopodia.
c. myosin.
d. cytoplasmic streaming.
e. basal bodies. |
|
|
Term
| a. it allows individual cells to have specialized functions. |
|
Definition
The primary advantage of multicellularity over single-celled organisms is that:
a. it allows individual cells to have specialized functions.
b. it allows cells to feed cooperatively.
c. it allows cells to have sexual exchanges of genetic material.
d. it allows cells to engage in mutual defense.
e. it allows the loss of individual cells without killing the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
94. eukaryotic cells both possess:
a. chromosomes.
b. ribosomes.
c. a plasma membrane.
d. cytoplasm.
e. nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lysosomes:
a. contain hydrolytic enzymes.
b. recycle intracellular material.
c. help digest viruses and bacteria with macrophages.
d. break down damaged organelles.
e. all of the above. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The organelle that converts solar energy to chemical energy is called a:
a. nucleolus.
b. mitochondria.
c. nucleus.
d. peroxisome.
e. chloroplast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A proton pump in the plasma membrane of a bacterial cell transfers hydrogen ions from inside the cell to the extracellular fluid. A proton gradient is thus established. A carrier protein then uses this gradient in order to transport many sucrose molecules up a concentration gradient into the cell. This is a classic example of:
a. bulk transport.
b. facilitated diffusion.
c. cotransport.
d. receptor-mediated transport.
e. pinocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The biochemical pathway that leads to the production of the amino acid tyrosine from a central metabolite is likely to be all of the following except:
a. considered anabolic.
b. exergonic.
c. regulated.
d. have a positive G.
e. allosterism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oxidizing a glucose molecule to pyruvate produces ATP plus:
a. carbon dioxide.
b. acetylCoA.
c. NADH.
d. FADH2.
e. All of the above are produced as products by this pathway. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organism that prefers to live (lives “better”) in the presence of oxygen but that can carry out respiration in the absence of oxygen would most likely be classified as a/an:
a. aerobe.
b. chemotroph.
c. autotroph.
d. anaerobe.
e. facultative anaerobe |
|
|
Term
| e. An enzyme’s efficiency is affected by all of the above. |
|
Definition
An enzyme’s efficiency/activity is not affected by which of the following factors?
a. temperature
b. pH
c. substrate concentration
d. presence of inhibitors
e. An enzyme’s efficiency is affected by all of the above. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In terms of thermodynamics, the term used to describe disorder is:
a. kinetic energy.
b. enthalpy.
c. entropy.
d. free energy.
e. allosterism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When a human cell engages in the process of fermentation it produces:
a. pyruvate.
b. ethanol.
c. NADH.
d. acetyl CoA.
e. lactic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process we refer to as the Calvin cycle occurs:
a. within the thylakoid sacs.
b. in the matrix.
c. in the stroma.
d. within the thylakoid membrane.
e. in the mitochondrial inner membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In terms of thermodynamics, the term used to describe the energy of motion is:
a. kinetic energy.
b. enthalpy.
c. entropy.
d. free energy.
e. allosterism. |
|
|
Term
| c. acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide. |
|
Definition
Before pyruvate molecules are fed into the citric acid cycle, they are first converted to:
a. NADH.
b. lactate.
c. acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide.
d. citric acid.
e. PEP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single molecule of NADH in the mitochondrial matrix represents ___ ATP equivalent(s) if the electrons it carries are passed down the electron transport chain.
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
a. five |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The metabolic pathway we refer to as the citric acid cycle occurs in the:
a. mitochondrial matrix.
b. cytoplasm.
c. chloroplast stroma.
d. animal kingdom only.
e. mitochondrial intermembrane space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Electrons are transferred to a substrate molecule from NADH, producing NAD+ and another product. The original substrate has undergone:
a. oxidation.
b. condensation.
c. reduction.
d. hydrolysis.
e. decarboxylation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Even a highly exergonic reaction may still require energy input in order for the reaction to proceed. This required energy input is called the reaction’s:
a. free energy.
b. endergonic energy.
c. potential energy.
d. activation energy.
e. enthalpy. |
|
|
Term
| a. receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
|
Definition
Coated pits are cellular structures involved in:
a. receptor-mediated endocytosis.
b. glycolysis.
c. photosynthesis.
d. phagocytosis.
e. enzyme catalysis. |
|
|
Term
| e. none of the above would be changed by a catalyst. |
|
Definition
When a reaction catalyzed by a simple catalyst is compared to the same reaction occurring without an enzyme, the:
a. energy of the products has been reduced.
b. energy of the reactants has been reduced.
c. the change in free energy (G) has been decreased.
d. the change in free energy (G) has been increased.
e. none of the above would be changed by a catalyst. |
|
|
Term
| e. sodium-potassium ATPase |
|
Definition
The potential across the plasma membrane is essential for the function/survival of mammalian cells. Which of the following proteins/enzymes is a major contributor to the production of this potential?
a. glucose transporter
b. chloride ion channel
c. ATP synthase
d. aquaporin
e. sodium-potassium ATPase |
|
|
Term
| a. first law of thermodynamics. |
|
Definition
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. This statement is known as the:
a. first law of thermodynamics.
b. central dogma of physics.
c. law of equilibrium.
d. second law of thermodynamics.
e. law of entropy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation results in a net increase in the ____________ of the universe.
a. enthalpy
b. entropy
c. free energy
d. All of the above are correct answers to the question.
e. Answers a and b, but not c, are correct answers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ATP often is used to power cellular processes by acting to couple ______________ reactions to ______________ reactions.
a. exergonic, hydrolysis
b. exergonic, endergonic
c. metabolic, catabolic
d. condensation, hydrolysis
e. All of the above are correct answers to the question. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in plants occur in the:
a. cell’s plasma membrane.
b. chloroplast stroma.
c. chloroplast inner membrane.
d. chloroplast outer membrane.
e. thylakoid membrane. |
|
|
Term
| b. bind to the enzyme’s allosteric site. |
|
Definition
A non-competitive inhibitor of an enzyme would likely:
a. resemble the substrate.
b. bind to the enzyme’s allosteric site.
c. require calmodulin to act.
d. require a G protein to act.
e. require a protein kinase to act. |
|
|
Term
| d. into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. |
|
Definition
The electron transport chain of eukaryotic aerobic respiration pumps protons:
a. into the cytoplasm.
b. into the smooth ER.
c. across the plasma membrane.
d. into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.
e. into the mitochondrial matrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An example of a molecule commonly used to temporarily carry/store electrons taken from other molecules/atoms would be:
a. ATP.
b. NAD+.
c. reductase.
d. acetyl-CoA.
e. a G protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The theoretical yield in ATP from oxidizing a glucose molecule completely to carbon dioxide and water through aerobic respiration is:
a. 2.
b. 6.
c. 12.
d. 32.
e. 36-38. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A hungry amoeba cell encounters bacterial thermophile in the outflow of a hot spring. Although cooked food is not on its normal menu it decides to engulf the cell and eat it anyway. This process of taking up the bacterial cell into a food vesicle is called:
a. pinocytosis.
b. phagocytosis.
c. exocytosis.
d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
e. cotransport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis do NOT produce:
a. ATP.
b. oxygen.
c. NADPH.
d. glucose.
e. All of the above are produced by the light-dependent reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An example of a common coenzyme is:
a. a sodium ion (Na+).
b. a magnesium ion (Mg++).
c. NAD+.
d. a ferrous ion (Fe++).
e. All of the above answers are correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycolysis in eukaryotes occurs in/on the:
a. mitochondrial matrix.
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.
c. plasma membrane.
d. cytoplasm.
e. smooth ER. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ATP is generated by both plants and animals using ATP synthase and a proton gradient. This process is called:
a. excitation.
b. electron absorption.
c. substrate phosphorylation.
d. chemiosmosis.
e. electron transport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Photosynthesis by green plants would use which of the following types/colors of light most efficiently?
a. infrared
b. green
c. blue
d. ultraviolet
e. Due to a range of accessory photosynthetic pigments, green plants use nearly all wavelengths of light with equal efficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ultimate/initial source of the electrons that pass through the photosystems during photosynthesis by green plants is:
a. carbon dioxide.
b. NADH.
c. NADPH.
d. water.
e. rubisco. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The actual C4 carbon fixation in a tropical grass plant occurs in the:
a. mesophyll cells.
b. bundle sheath cells.
c. stomata.
d. thylakoids.
e. epidermal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In eukaryotic cells, the process we know as the citric acid cycle occurs in the:
a. mitochondrial inner membrane.
b. mitochondrial intermembrane space.
c. matrix.
d. thylakoid.
e. stroma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The products of a certain reaction have a higher free energy level than the reactants. This reaction is best described as being:
a. anabolic.
b. catabolic.
c. exergonic.
d. endergonic.
e. entropic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biological catalysts speed up metabolic reactions by altering the ___ of the reaction.
a. ^G
b. activation energy
c. substrate specificity
d. products
e. None of the above answers is correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty acids are broken down two carbons at a time by a metabolic process known as:
a. the Kreb’s cycle.
b. condensation.
c. substrate level phosphorylation.
d. deamination.
e. beta-oxidation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The NET yield of NADH produced via direct substrate-level phosphorylation from processing a single molecule of glucose through glycolysis is:
a. none.
b. 1.
c. 2.
d. 4.
e. 6. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an early enzyme in the pathway. What term best describes this process?
a. competitive inhibition.
b. feedback inhibition
c. cooperativity
d. energy coupling
e. intracellular signaling |
|
|
Term
| a. in the antenna complex of plant photosystems. |
|
Definition
Carotenoids are commonly found:
a. in the antenna complex of plant photosystems.
b. the electron transport chain of mitochondria.
c. the electron transport chain of chloroplasts.
d. vascular bundles.
e. in coenzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The final electron acceptor when a human cell carries out fermentation is:
a. oxygen.
b. water.
c. NAD+.
d. acetaldehyde.
e. pyruvate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Under reduced oxygen conditions, human cells begin to carry out the process of fermentation. The purpose of this process, as opposed to glycolysis alone, is to:
a. feed it into glycolysis.
b. feed it into the citric acid cycle.
c. produce NADH.
d. regenerate NAD+.
e. allow chemiosmosis to occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty acids are converted to ________ via the process that breaks them down by cutting off two carbon units, in order that they can be fed into the citric acid cycle.
a. pyruvate
b. ATP
c. acetyl CoA
d. PEP
e. citric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The pigment(s) at the reaction center of both photosystems I and II of green plants is/are:
a. chlorophyll a.
b. chlorophyll b.
c. carotenoids.
d. cytochrome oxidase.
e. Chlorophyll a and b are both part of the reaction center. |
|
|
Term
| e. fixing carbon at night. |
|
Definition
CAM plants have adapted to arid climates by:
a. utilizing only the dark reactions for photosynthesis.
b. not using water as an electron donor for photosynthesis.
c. using only bundle sheath cells for photosynthesis.
d. eliminating stomata in their leaves.
e. fixing carbon at night. |
|
|
Term
| b. a competitive inhibitor. |
|
Definition
142. An inhibitor of an enzyme which binds to the enzyme’s active site would BEST be described as:
a. an allosteric inhibitor.
b. a competitive inhibitor.
c. a noncompetitive inhibitor.
d. a catalytic inhibitor.
e. a catalytic regulator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The final electron acceptor in green plants for photosystem II is:
a. oxygen.
b. water.
c. NAD+.
d. NADP+.
e. photosystem I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An electron has absorbed the energy of a photon and this has altered the orbital in which it orbits the nucleus. Because of this the electron’s _____ has changed.
a. thermal energy
b. kinetic energy
c. potential energy
d. entropy
e. free energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A human is heterozygous at a blood group locus and expresses both genotypes (e.g. they have type AB blood). This is an example of:
a. polygenic inheritance.
b. codominance.
c. incomplete or partial dominance.
d. pleiotropy.
e. complete dominance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The close association of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis is called:
a. prophasian pairing.
b. linkage.
c. syngamy.
d. diploidy.
e. synapsis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is NOT commonly used in intracellular signalling pathways/cascades by cells?
a. adenylyl cyclase
b. G proteins
c. inositol triphosphate (IP3)
d. ATP
e. All of the above are found in intracellular signaling pathways. |
|
|
Term
| e. a protein phosphatase. |
|
Definition
A protein is activated by phosphorylation as part of a signaling cascade. In order for this protein to be converted back to an inactive state it will likely require the action of:
a. cAMP.
b. Ca++.
c. a protein kinase.
d. G protein.
e. a protein phosphatase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The human chromosomes which are not either the "X" or "Y" chromosomes are collectively
called _________.
a. mosaics
b. sex chromosomes
c. karyotypes
d. monosomics
e. autosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During mitosis, the nucleus first “dissolves” during:
a. prophase.
b. G1
c. metaphase
d. G2
e. anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The division of the cytoplasm and organelles (in eukaryotic cells) occurs during:
a. prophase.
b. G1.
c. cytokinesis.
d. G2.
e. anaphase. |
|
|
Term
| d. that genes encoding different [unlinked] characters are passed independently of one another. |
|
Definition
Mendel’s Second Law of Heredity, the Law of Independent Assortment, states
a. that two alleles do no influence each other in any way.
b. that the presence of a particular allele does not ensure its encoded trait will be expressed in an individual carrying that allele.
c. that alternative alleles of a character are passed on separately/independently of one another and remain distinct when passed on to the next generation.
d. that genes encoding different [unlinked] characters are passed independently of one another.
e. that the dominant phenotype will always be expressed in a heterozygote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chiasmata form during:
a. anaphase I.
b. prophase I.
c. telophase II.
d. prophase II.
e. metaphase I. |
|
|
Term
| c. the nucleus does not dissolve |
|
Definition
Mitosis in fungi and some protozoans is different from that of plants and animals (e.g. mammals) in that:
a. the chromosomes do not condense.
b. it does not have a metaphase.
c. the nucleus does not dissolve.
d. telophase is incomplete.
e. anaphase is not required. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An egg is fertilized by a sperm to produce a single cell called a:
a. binary fusion product
b. spermatocyte.
c. oocyge.
d. Barr body.
e. zygote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The chromosomes are replicated during what phase of the cell cycle?
a. G1
b. anaphase
c. S
d. prophase
e. G2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an example of:
a. an endocrine hormone.
b. a paracrine hormone.
c. a redox cofactor.
d. a product of the Calvin cycle.
e. a second messenger. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A signal molecule released by one cell binds to receptors on distant target cells after traversing the body by passage through the blood stream. This is an example of:
a. autocrine signaling.
b. endocrine signaling.
c. direct contact signaling.
d. synaptic signaling.
e. paracrine signaling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Summer squash plants have a gene that determines fruit color. The dominant allele Y is for yellow fruit and the recessive allele y is for green fruit. What color fruit is produced by a Yy squash plant?
a. All green
b. Mixed green and yellow (3:1 ratio)
c. All yellow
d. All yellow-green
e. Mixed green, yellow-green, and yellow (1:2:1 ratio) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The progression of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled at specific checkpoints. These check points are regulated by enzymes which are themselves regulated by:
a. tumor suppressor proteins.
b. calmodulin.
c. protooncogene products.
d. cAMP.
e. cyclins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two white-kernelled true-breeding strains of corn are crossed and surprisingly give F1 plants that all have purple kernels. A selfing (fertilize a flower with its own pollen) of the F1 plants yields F2 generation plants that have a ratio of 9 purple kernelled to 7 white kernelled. This is likely an example of:
a. incomplete dominance.
b. blending.
c. codominance.
d. epistasis.
e. pleiotropic effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An allele at one locus affects several phenotypic traits (e.g. cystic fibrosis is caused by a single defective gene which causes clogged blood vessels, sticky mucus, salty sweat, liver failure, etc.). This is an example of:
a. continuous variation.
b. codominance.
c. incomplete dominance
d. epistasis.
e. pleiotropic effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Snapdragons have a single gene (locus) that determines flower color. The allele R is for red flowers and it shows incomplete dominance over the recessive allele r for white flowers. What color flowers are produced by Rr plants?
a. All red
b. Mixed red and white (some flowers of each color)
c. pink
d. white with pink streaks
e. purple |
|
|
Term
| d. hydrophobic and located inside the plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
Steroid hormones (like testosterone) are somewhat unusual in that their receptors are:
a. located on the outside of the plasma membrane.
b. not involved in signaling pathways.
c. intracellular and commonly found in the cytoplasm.
d. hydrophobic and located inside the plasma membrane.
e. located in the nuclear membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
he Law of Segregation (Mendel) is best demonstrated using:
a. a monohybrid cross.
b. a dihybrid cross.
c. parthenogenesis.
d. a back cross.
e. two recessive varieties of the gene under study. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A plant has a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype. The proper experiment to determine its correct genotype would be a/an:
a. heterozygotic cross.
b. testcross.
c. homozytic cross.
d. F1 cross.
e. back cross. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A purple flowered pea plant is said to be Pp. Pp is this plant’s:
a. genotype.
b. phenotype.
c. karyotype.
d. zygote.
e. Mendelian ratio. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
168. A human cell in metaphase I of meiosis would have a total of ______ chromosomes.
a. 23
b. 92
c. 46
d. 92 pair
e. None, the centromeres have already split. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An excellent example of the genetic phenomenon known as continuous variation would be:
a. flower color in plants.
b. height in humans.
c. human blood groups.
d. epistasis.
e. fur color in arctic animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The chromosomes condense during what phase of meiosis I?
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. cytokinesis
d. telophase I
e. anaphase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ultimate product(s) of a cell undergoing the process we call meiosis is a/an:
a. syngamy.
b. gamete.
c. zygote.
d. chiasma
e. nucleosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During mitosis, the formation of a cleavage furrow and the actual separation of the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells is called:
a. cytokinesis.
b. meiosis.
c. G2
d. G1
e. anaphase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A dihybrid cross is carried out using a homozygous dominant plant (PPAA) and a homozygous recessive plant (ppaa). The F1 generation is then self-crossed to produce the F2 generation. The phenotypic or Mendelian ratio of the offspring will be:
a. 1:3.
b. 3:1.
c. 9:3:3:1.
d. 9:7.
e. 1:0 (all double dominant phenotypes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During which phase of meiosis do the centromeres uncouple and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell?
a. anaphase I
b. prophase II
c. metaphase II
d. anaphase II
e. metaphase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During which phase of meiosis are the tetrads of homologous chromosomes aligned at the center of the dividing cell?
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase II
d. anaphase I
e. metaphase II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To avoid problems associated with gene dosage issues, human females convert one X chromosome into a/an:
a. Barr body.
b. centromere.
c. centrosome.
d. telomere.
e. balanced translocation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following diseases is dominant, lethal and caused by an abnormally high number of tandem repeats of a trinucleotide sequence in the target gene?
a. Turner syndrome
b. Huntington disease
c. Kleinfelter syndrome
d. cystic fibrosis
e. sickle-cell anemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A plant has a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype. The proper experiment to determine its correct genotype would be a/an:
a. heterozygotic cross.
b. testcross.
c. homozytic cross.
d. F1 cross.
e. back cross. |
|
|
Term
| e. as check point regulators for progression through the cell cycle. |
|
Definition
Cyclin-dependent kinases function:
a. to aid in the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
b. in signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of G proteins.
c. to remove phosphate groups from activated proteins.
d. to bind cAMP molecules.
e. as check point regulators for progression through the cell cycle. |
|
|
Term
| a. data supporting Mendel’s law of segregation. |
|
Definition
Mendel crossed a true breeding purple flowering pea with a true breeding white flowering pea. The F1 generation was all purple. The F2 generation was 3 purple and 1 white. This is an example of:
a. data supporting Mendel’s law of segregation.
b. incomplete dominance.
c. data supporting Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
d. codominance.
e. data demonstrating the phenomenon of recombination/crossing over. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell during what phase of mitosis?
a. Prophase
b. Anaphase
c. Telophase
d. Metaphase
e. Cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
182. Alternate versions of a gene (genetic variations) are termed:
a. introns.
b. haplotypes.
c. alleles.
d. heterozygotes.
e. gametophytes. |
|
|
Term
| d. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
|
Definition
During meiosis II, the proper order of the phases is:
a. prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase.
b. prophase, anaphase ,metaphase, telophase.
c. metaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase.
d. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
e. anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If Mendel had crossed a plant with red flowers with a plant that produced white flowers and had obtained pink flowers, assuming he wasn’t color blind, he would have discovered:
a. epistasis
b. pleotropism
c. incomplete dominance
d. multiple allele expression.
e. that he should have avoided nonMendelian phenomena. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A human autosomal recessive lethal genetic disease whose defective allele has been maintained at a relatively high level in certain population groups because it gives the heterozygote resistance to an infectious disease is:
a. Tay-Sachs disease.
b. cystic fibrosis.
c. sickle-cell anemia.
d. muscular dystrophy.
e. Huntington disease. |
|
|
Term
| c. it is encoded by the “X” chromosome. |
|
Definition
186. A human gene is said to be sex-linked if:
a. it is more common in females than males.
b. it is found on the “Y” chromosome.
c. it is encoded by the “X” chromosome.
d. it is expressed only in males.
e. it is recessive in males. |
|
|
Term
| a. a total of 23 chromosomes. |
|
Definition
A human gamete has:
a. a total of 23 chromosomes.
b. a total of 46 chromosomes.
c. a total of 92 chromosomes.
d. a single copy of each chromosome.
e. two sex chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At what point during cell division/replication does genetic recombination occur?
a. prophase I of meiosis
b. S phase
c. prophase II of meiosis
d. prophase of mitosis
e. metaphase I of meiosis |
|
|
Term
| e. Answers A-C are all correct |
|
Definition
Sexual life cycles produce genetic variation in offspring by:
a. independent assortment of chromosomes.
b. crossing over between chromatids of a tetrad.
c. random fertilization.
d. Only two of the above answers are correct.
e. Answers A-C are all correct. |
|
|
