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Definition
| Revolution is rapid fundamental and violent change in dominant values and myths, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and governmental activities |
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| extreme collective behavior |
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| class upheavals causing rapid fundamental and violent change in dominant values and myths, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and governmental activities |
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similar cases with different outcomes
ie Russia 1905, Germany, Japan |
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Definition
different cases but similar outcome
ie Russia, France, China |
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| Why some modernizing agrarian societies fell into social revolution while others able to reform successfully top down? |
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Definition
| "the incapacitation of administrative and military machineries" - state weakness, widespread popular uprising, marginal elite political movement |
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| Agricultural society where social control rests on divsion of labor and coordination |
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| International Competition in Skocpol's Analysis |
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Definition
| Country's expectation, Compells others to modernize to agree to beaurocratic demand. middle class needed for system overhaul. beaurocrats & educated middle class want gov to have reforms |
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| Why reforms to beaurocratic agrarian societies so difficult? |
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Definition
| Reforms encroach upon advantages of traditional landed upper class (main authority & state function). Rely on upper class to control peasants |
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| Impacts of State Weakness on Russia |
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Definition
| Weakened because of WWII -- increased Western influence. High political awareness, foreign pressure made the country weak. Emancipation of serfs & deprivation of landlords over serf lands |
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| Due to fragmentation of beaurocracy. Too costly to centralize beaurocracy, divided rule between regionalized gentry & state elites. Vulnerable to peasant rebellion -- poor become bandits & rob wealthy communities |
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| Nationalist Radicals in Russia & China |
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Definition
| Marginal elites, people with specialized skills. Involved in state activities & often university-educated but lack prestigious background |
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| Lipset - link btwn democracy & econ dev |
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| Linkage system: Poor countries have pyramid-shaped system; as they develop economically turn towards diamond shape w/ emphasis on the importance of the middle class that keeps eveyone in balance - require moderation of policies |
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| Lipset's Measure of Econ Dev |
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Definition
Wealth, Industrializtion, Urbanization, Education
the higher these are, the higher the liklihood for the development of democracy! |
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| Przeworski: How democracy may help/harm economic growth? |
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Definition
| Against dem: poor countries, pressure for immediate consumption happening at cost of investment. Greater diversion from investment to consumption. Dictatorship: one person control. Unions: prioritize by when workers able to organize/unionize to drive up wages |
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| Przeworski's evidence. Democracy good or bad? |
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Definition
| Struggle btwn consumption & investment. Against democracy bc if poor countries democratize there is pressure for immediate consumption happening instead of investment. |
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| Przeworski: Trade-Off for poor countries between democracy and econ dev? |
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Definition
| Threshold of $3000 GDP where regime type matters. Poor countries below the threshold - doesnt matter if democratic or dictatorship |
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| Role of Economic Development in the reversal of democracy |
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| Diamond: What role does economic development play in the reversal of democratization? |
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Definition
| Argues that this doesn't matter. Bad systems are due to bad governance |
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| In order to understand why countries democratize we must better understand different types of non-democratic rule and their potential vulnerabilities |
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| Geddes: How Military Regimes Vulnerable? |
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Definition
1) Elite Rivalries or policy differences intensify and factional splits become threatening - return to barracks
2) Military regimes have more endogenous sources of instability than personalist/single party regimes, makes them more fragile
3) Coups are fairly common in military regime (lead to turnover)
4) Military regimes more vulnerable to economic downturns bc poor econ performance likely to worsen splits in officer corps |
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| Geddes: Single Party Regime |
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Definition
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| Geddes: Vulnerability Personalist Regimes |
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Definition
1) Rarely survive long after the death of the leader, perhaps because in their effort to defend themselves from potential rivals, leaders assiduously eliminate followers showing high levels of ability & ambition
2) Distribute benefits and office to smaller proportion of citizens (those not getting representation may challenge regime)
3) Vulnerable to economic disaster since public employees cannot be paid and they sustain loyalty by providing access to material rewards needed to maintain leader's power 4) Violent overthrow more likely - therefore rely on informal & unstable personal networks: kinship, ethnicity, region w/in particularistic factors exchanged for loyalty |
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| Single Party Regime Types |
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Definition
| Longest lasting. Institutional structures make it relatively easy to allow for greater participation and popular influence on policy without giving up dominant role in the system. More likely to be open to all loyal citizens than personalist |
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