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| Systematic study of patterns of authority across societies and cultures of the world |
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| A term to denote simply a way of organizing institutions of authority |
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| A way of organizing institutions of authority in which opportunities for participating in those institutions are broad and in which those who exercise authority subject themselves periodically to accountability of citizens through elections. Also, democratic regimes attempt to guarantee basic citizenship rights such as due process, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and to make demands on authority independent of interference or intimidation. Democratic regimes do not always achieve absolute levels of participation, accountability, or guarantees of citizenship rights |
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| A way of organizing institutions of democracy in which an elite exercises authority over a country without regard to its direct accountability or due process of law. Imposes controls over freedom of expression and ability of citizens to organize to make demands and compete for power through (e.g.) interest groups and political parties. In some cases authoritarian regimes have substantial support of the citizens under their authority |
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| Countries in which certain features of democracy exist while others do not. Illiberal democracies for example have competitive and periodic elections and access to those in authority, however they lack ability to varying degrees to guarantee and protect certain basic freedoms such as freedom from arbitrary arrest and police abuse, or denial or abridgement of freedom of religion or expression of cultural or ethnic freedom (e.g. Venezuela, Turkey) |
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| (according to Max Weber) the State is a network of institutions that possesses a monopoly over the legitimate use of violence within a given territory. The state can punish, legally commit murder or take a life to jail, order restitution, declare forms of behavior as unacceptable, and force to pay taxes. → Means it is the only institution that can use violence over a given society |
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1) Maintain order → keep the peace
2) Adjudicate disputes → resolve disputes
3) Enlarge wealth → circulates wealth, promotes a well balanced economy
4) Protect or rescue from natural disasters → e.g. Hurricane Katrina and Gustaf
5) Protect borders from external threats → military power |
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| voluntary compliance of individuals to the authority of the state; this is a more “American” technique |
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| voluntary compliance on basis of tradition custom or religion justification is the mandate of god. Is the way the ancestors have been ruled since the beginning of time. It is the custom, which makes for a stable order in a society. |
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| compliance to the authority of an individual who embodies the aspirations of a people for national independence, for affirming a distinctive culture for promoting to set right the wrongs of a given society |
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| Legal-Rational/Constitutional |
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| written rules about what a state can and cannot do and institutions who apply these rules more or less impartially |
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| Where authority is concentrated or centralized in a single set of national institutions. E.g. The minister of education knows what each child is studying at any single moment |
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| Monopoly is broken down and shared between national and local institutions |
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| Major parties proportional share of all positions in state institutions divide between different religious or political parties. Columbia in the 1970’s and Netherlands in 1970’s, Iraq and Lebanon |
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| Making judgments about other cultures and societies on the supposition that one’s own cultural values are superior to others |
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| Asserting that judgments bout other cultures and societies are invalid because cultures and societies are invalid because cultures as such have their own unique moral logic and justifications |
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| Denote a situation in which arrangement of authority in a given country are extremely weak or non-existant |
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| Aristotle and S.M. Lipset |
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Aristotle = Greek philosopher and author or several classic works, major contributer to aspects of political science that contemporary political scientists continue to build on. Proposed the class of middle sectors and the foundation of democracies.
S.M. Lipset = Author of "Political Man" originally published in 1959. |
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Definition
A process in which regimes undergo a transformation from authorization ones
It involves the remaking of institutional arrangements and the legitimacy of regimes from those founded on:
Exclusive concentrations of state power
Its end is the establishment (or reestablishment) of regimes based on institutions whose aims are to encourage
Broad participation of citizens in choosing decision makers in the state (elections)
Accountability of leaders for their decisions (existence of effective groups in opposition to current decision makers, i.e. political parties)
Protection of the rights of citizens and the fair adjudication of disputes |
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