Term
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Definition
As x varies, how does y change?
- Positive or negative associations |
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Term
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Definition
| when X is above/below its mean, Y tends to be above/below its mean. |
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Term
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Definition
| When X is above/below its mean, Y tends to be below/above its mean |
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Term
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Definition
| When X is above/below its mean, Y is equally likely to be above or below its mean. |
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Term
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Definition
Covariation expressed in standardized units
- Represents strength of linear association
- between -1 and +1
- higher absolute value, = data points are more tightly arranged along a line. |
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Term
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Definition
| why x causes y, and not y causing x |
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Term
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Definition
| Z causes X and Y, no relationship between X and Y |
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Term
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Definition
| Special form of confounding variable, Z selects X and causes Y |
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Term
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Definition
We say that X is a cause of Y if we have good reason to believe that:
1. X possesses the capacity to alter Y
2.Changes of X are associated with changes of Y after control of all possible factors
3. we can identify one or more mechanisms by which X exerts causal influence on Y
4. in principle intervention on X changes Y |
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Term
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Definition
1.to control a variable is to remove its affect from the study
2.stratify the sample: create sub-groups that are homogenous on the confounding factor |
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Term
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Definition
Randomization and Assignment:
1. randomly assign to treatment and control groups
2. manipulate treatment
3.measure responses:
- randomization controls confounders, makes groups homongenous on confounders
- between group differences should be statistically significant |
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Term
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Definition
Non random assignment:
1. Scholars of comparative politics generally cannot conduct experiments
2. some process assigns subjects
3. far fewer possibilities for control groups |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminate explanations that cannot, in principle be falsified |
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Term
| Culture and Comparative Politics (Cultural theory) |
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Definition
| Hypothesis: beliefs and affiliated practices of large cultural units (nations, religions, ethnic groups) shape political and economic outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
- cultures differ across time and space
- individuals belong to multiple cultural groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Partisan patterns of authoritative behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| favor some interests over others |
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Term
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Definition
| violations of rules are sanctioned |
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Term
| Institutions of private property |
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Definition
- secure access to and use of property and hence secure returns on investment
- broad based property produces income equality |
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Term
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Definition
- Population faces constant threat of government based expropriation
- highly concentrated wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| general capacity of an agent to impose their preferences on others. |
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Term
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Definition
Disproportionate control over:
1. Economic resources needed for material survival and comfort
2.Military resources(physical and human) of coercion and violence.
3. political organizations used to legislate and enforce rules
4. ideological cultural meaning, values, and practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| large landowner, head of private army, unconstrained governor, charismatic religious figure |
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Term
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Definition
| control exercised by an agent who occupies a position within an institutionalized system of control over resources |
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Term
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Definition
Given extreme inequality, elites create framework that leads to inequality (based on institutions)
- corrupt government
- low investment in public infrastructure
- biased legal system |
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Term
| Dahl's Critique of the Ruling Elite Model: |
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Definition
1. They run things
2. this argument is unfalsifiable
3. must craft testable hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Human capacities of intentionality, deliberation, rationality |
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Term
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Definition
Trans-individual factors or conditions that:
- are inherited
- are resistant to change
- constrain actors choices
- are biased towards certain outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to command: the range of actions which the elite is empowered to undertake without routine, institutionalized negotiation with civil society groups. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to enforcement: does the population comply with the demand?
- The capacity of the state to actually penetrate civil society and to implement logistically political decisions throughout the realm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pre- modern empires (roman) |
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Term
| Principal Agent Relations: |
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Definition
rulers (principals) must delegate power to agents
- rulers cannot perfectly monitor agents
- agents can "cheat" |
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Term
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Definition
distributive power is zero - sum;
- A uses power to expropriate resources from B |
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Term
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Definition
Not zero-sum:
A uses power to induce cooperation from B to achieve shared goals that cannot be achieved by unorganized individuals |
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Term
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Definition
excludibility: owner decides who enjoys good
solitary supply: rival uses of the good create loss. |
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Term
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Definition
Non-excludable: anyone can enjoy consumption of good, even if they have not paid for its consumption
Non rival consumption: increased consumption does not diminish supply |
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Term
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Definition
| specific combinations of power (combinations of despotic and infrastructural power) produce democracy (or autocracy), wealth (or poverty), order (or disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| organizations that claim and exercise priority over households, kinship groups and other forms of social organization within substantial territories due to their control over power resources |
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Term
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Definition
| Power is vested in the agent, Obedience to Ruler |
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Term
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Definition
| Power vested in office, obedience to rules |
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Term
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Definition
| "profit making enterprises with heavy investments in fixed capital and a rational organization of free labour which is oriented to the market purchases of consumers |
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Term
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Definition
lower transaction costs of extraction:
- costs of identifying other party
- costs of negotiating agreement
- costs of monitorying compliance |
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Term
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Definition
| vocabularies and practices that are inaccessible to others |
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Term
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Definition
| data on birth, death, marriage, children, property |
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Term
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Definition
community of people that recognize themselves as culturally distinct due to:
- common cultural practices
- common homeland
- strong sense of shared, formative history
- common destiny |
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Term
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Definition
| ideology that claims a nation can achieve its common destiny only through mass cooperation via sovereign political institutions |
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