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| the struggle in any group for pwr that will give a person or ppl the ability to make decisions for the larger group. also the art & science of working together to find solutions to common problems. |
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| attempt to accurately describe, understand & explain social phenomena through empirical study (observation & verification) - answering questions about how and why something happened and possibly using that knowledge to project to the future or other similar events. |
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| association but not causation |
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| study of struggle for pwr across countries - attempt to better understand poli. phenomena |
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either single-case approach (study of one country using inductive reasoning, something true for one case then it's prob. true for all similar cases) or comparative approach (deductive reasoning, study of many countries, something is true for many countries than it must be true for a country w/ similar characteristics, much stronger reasoning but harder to really give enough study to each country)
Problems: diff. to control variables, limited # of similar caes, selection bias, endogeneity ("motor of history" what is cause and what is effect) |
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| gather # data for stats analysis, look for patterns & test ideas. can look at a # of cases and control variables more easily, but data can be skewed or incomplete and research can be driven by what data is available rather than vice versa. |
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| carry out intensive study of cases via archival research & interview. intensive study of cases acquires deeper grasp of poli. context but results often in only a description rather than being comprehensive. |
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| outdated (post WWII) theory that as societies developed they would become capital democracies (biased theory) |
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| more emphasis on causality, explanation & prediction, more emphasis on poli. behav. of indiv. as opposed to larger poli. structures - more quantitative than qualitative. favored use of surveys/ stats & data gathering. Hope for a "grand theory" of poli. (that can explain various poli. phenomena) |
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| structures or instit. cause poli. phenomena. defined as organiz. or patterns of activity that are self-perpetuating & valued for their own sake - embedded in ppl's lives as norm or value w/ legit. |
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| Rational Choice Theory/Game Theory |
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| rational thinking of indiv. causes poli. phenomena - believes human behav. conforms to some generally understandable behav. |
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| Political Culture (theory) |
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| poli. culture of a society causes poli. phenomena |
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| traditional, charismatic, rational-legal (institutionalized laws & procedures) |
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| major poli. unit in int. system, world of states, refers to poli. instit. of a country- can be distinguished from the gov. Weber's def. "organiz. that maintain a monopoly of violence over a territory." |
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| Hobbe's Theory of State Organization |
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| "social contract" ppl surrender certain liberties in favor of order. advocates powerful state. CONSENSUS |
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| Rosseau's Theory of State Organization |
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| argued citizens' rights are inalienable & can't be taken away by state, devel. of civil rights. COERCION |
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| ability of states to get things done; fulfill tasks |
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| ability to act free from direct public interference |
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| most poli. pwr in national capital, little decision making pwr to regions or localities |
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| divide pwr b/w central (capital) & regional authorities |
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| Nation (+ Anderson's def.) |
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| a community of ppl w/ a common national identity (as opposed to states = a set of institutions) Anderson's def.: "Nations are imagined poli. communities." imagine a connection that unites everyone in the nation |
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| states where one nation, usually an ethnically-based one, is predominant in the society ex) France, ppl are all French |
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| sense of belonging to a nation, a group of ppl w/ a common poli. identity & a sense of shared past & future; a group identity; always connected to either an existent state/territory or to aspirations for one; politicized ethnic identity |
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| sense of belonging to a particular group w/ certain cultural attributes, including language, religion, customs, hist., geo., etc.; born into an ethnic group (ascribed identity); social identity NOT poli. |
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| support for poli. aspirations of nation, autonomy, ind.; belief in nation's sovereignty; belief in need for state & national borders to coincide (as opposed to Patriotism = PRIDE in citizenship and love for one's country) |
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| ability to carry out actions ind. of int/ext challengers |
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Radicals: seek rapid rev. change, even w/ violence
Liberals: seek evolutionary change
Conservatives: seek little or no change of system
Reactionaries: seek to restore previous order, even w/ violence |
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Liberalism: inv. poli. & econ freedom, weak state w/ low autonomy - controlled by ppl, higher inequality, liberal democracy
Communism: low indiv. freedom, believe struggle over resources breeds inequality, high equality as goal, strong state w/ high autonomy
Social Democracy: seeks to balance indiv. freedom & collective equality, role for relatively strong state to manage this, more common in Europe
"welfare state"
Fascism: low indiv. poli. freedom, but also inequality - based on superiority of some over many; high autonomy & capacity to direct nation
Anarchism: lack of authority, high focus on indiv. freedom and equality; belief that states are problem not solution - want stateless societies |
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| re-emergence of faith in poli. context, religion as form of ideology; modern phenomenon |
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| Huntington: conflict will no longer be based around ethnicity or ideology, but on civilization diff. (civilization = cultural entity, highest cultural grouping and broadest lvl of cultural identity). "West vs. the Rest" |
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| 1215: subjecting King to the law |
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| lasted 10 yrs, against ancient regime (monarchy, aristocracy, church); Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, declaration of rights of man & of the citizen. reign of terror by Jacobins. ended w/ Napoleon's coup d'etat. |
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| 1648: ended bloody 30yr war in Europe; recognized sovereignty of European states over their territory & ppl |
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| poli. pwr shared between gov. & the ppl through participation, competition, & liberty; right to elect & to be elected; broader terms includes civil rights (equality) and liberties (freedoms); recently includes strong civil society |
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| poli. regime controlled by a small group of indiv. who exercise pwr over the state w/out being constitutionally responsible to the public; restriction of indiv. freedoms; may be institutionalized & legit. |
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| secularism, rationalism, prominence of sci & tech, material prosperity, indiv. freedom rather than collective equality |
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| postmaterialist, quality of life values, enviro., health, & leisure concerns; doubting sci & tech, emphasis on equality & diversity, support for poli. participation & direct democracy (skeptical of state pwr) |
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| pwrs transferred from national to a supranational lvl; sovereignty becomes limited in exchange for other benefits that come out of the integration ex)N. American Free Trade Agreement |
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| wanted no more WW's; supranational instit.; current issues are broadening v. deepening of integration, democratic defecit, bureaucratic complexity, constitution keeps getting shot down, candidacy of Turkey, and a new European identity? |
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| pwrs transferred from national to supranational lvl (regional/local authorities) ex) UK created regional assemblies for Scotland, Wales, & N. Ireland |
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| Lipset: greater econ. devel.; high average wealth, degree of industrializ. & urbaniz. & avg. lvl of edu. - however all factors must be combined and gradually introduced. need a "diamond" |
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| Sources of Authoritarianism |
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| poverty & inequality (no middle class), moderniz. can be disruptive & destabilizing; the higher the inequality, the less willing the ruling elite is to share pwr (fear of rev.); "resource trap;" weak civil society; ext/international sources; nondemocratic cultural values ex) Islam |
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| beneficial relationship b/w public & state - effective to sustain regime |
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| form of co-optation - specific organiz.s to represent interests of public; restricts others ex) Cuba's labor union |
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| form of co-optation: state provides benefits to indiv. or groups in exchange for public support; indiv. patronage, rent seeking |
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| form of co-optation: state provides benefits to indiv. or groups in exchange for public support; indiv. patronage, rent seeking |
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| leader embodies spirit of the nation, leader's exceptional qualities & ideas, quasi-religious, create a charismatic authority ex) Iran's Supreme Leadeer or Venezuela's Hugo Chavez |
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| Ayatollah Khomeni & velayat-e faqih (gov. by clerics); millions of protestors (Khomenei's supporters) Dec. 1978, becomes Supreme Leader, violent "rev. justice" consolidation of pwr & repression... led to Iran-Iraq War |
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| leader embodies spirit of the nation, leader's exceptional qualities & ideas, quasi-religious, create a charismatic authority ex) Iran's Supreme Leadeer or Venezuela's Hugo Chavez |
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| Ayatollah Khomeni & velayat-e faqih (gov. by clerics); millions of protestors (Khomeini supporters) Dec. 1978, becomes Supreme Leader, violent "rev. justice," consolidation of pwr & repression, led to Iran-Iraq War |
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| Types of Non-Democratic Regimes |
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Personal & Monarchical Rule: single strong leader, embodiment of the ppl, state & society "belong" to him, charismatic or traditional, personality cult, populism (leader can usher in new order, non-ideological, patrimonialism
Military Rule: coup d'etat, can have public support as only effective means to combat corruption or prevent rev., can either lead to authoritarianism or restoration of democracy, bureaucratic authoritarianism: technocratic leadership can solve problems of country (moderniz. & devel.)
One-Party Rule: one party monopolizes poli. pwr, corporatist ex) Cuba or China
Ruling on Behalf of God: faith = basis of regime, ex) Iran
Illiberal/Hyrid Regimes: basic democratic structures, not fully institionalized, not respected - instit. express preferences of rulers, not really rule of law ex) Hugo Chavez's Venezuela or Turkey |
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| Types of Non-Democratic Regimes |
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Personal & Monarchical Rule: single strong leader, embodiment of the ppl, state & society "belong" to him, charismatic or traditional, personality cult, populism (leader can usher in new order, non-ideological, patrimonialism
Military Rule: coup d'etat, can have public support as only effective means to combat corruption or prevent rev., can either lead to authoritarianism or restoration of democracy, bureaucratic authoritarianism: technocratic leadership can solve problems of country (moderniz. & devel.)
One-Party Rule: one party monopolizes poli. pwr, corporatist ex) Cuba or China
Ruling on Behalf of God: faith = basis of regime, ex) Iran
Illiberal/Hyrid Regimes: basic democratic structures, not fully institionalized, not respected - instit. express preferences of rulers, not really rule of law ex) Hugo Chavez's Venezuela or Turkey |
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unitary democracy
Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Head of Gov: Gordon Brown (PM)
Legislature: bi-cameral parliament: House of Lords and House of Commons
Main Domestic Issues: Scotland's strong national identity, Protestant v. Catholics in N. Ireland, immigration from former colonies, EU, War in Iraq |
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unitary democracy (centralized in Paris)
Head of State: President Nicholas Sarkozy (has more pwr, appoints PM)
Head of Gov: Francois Fillon (PM)
Legislature: bi-cameral: Assemblee Nationale and Senat (remnant of past)
Main Domestic Issues: Roma population, EU constitution, banning hijab |
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unitary democracy - presidential democracy
Head of State: Dr. Karolos Papoulias - nominated & elected by Parliament - symbolic role
Head of Gov: George Papandreou (PASOK) (PM)
Name of Legislature: vouli - unicameral
Main Domestic Issues: Cyprus (divided by Greece & Turkey), Muslim minority, sovereignty in the Aegean Sea, Patriarchate & Greek minority in Istanbul, FYROM - denying Macedonia it's name, econ. crisis (cutting back benefits, accepting EU bailout), mass tax evasion |
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unitary, parliamentary, liberal? democracy
Head of State: Emperor Akihito - symbolic
Head of Gov: Naoto Kan (PM) - high turnover rate
Name of Legislature: Diet: House of Representatives & House of Councillors
Main Domestic Issues: aging pop/ low fertility rates, organized crime, traditional patriarchal society, xenophobism, disillusionment of youth w/ poli. values |
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semi-presidential theocracy
Head of State: President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has little real pwr
Head of Gov: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei - real pwr - elected by Assembly of Experts
Main Domestic Issues: "quietist" vision of Shiism, contested 2009 pres. election, youth support reform, tension with Int. Atomic Energy Agency over nukes |
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| Roussef may be the first woman president of Brazil, she has the backing of the former pres. da Silva, the second round of elections will decide |
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| Chinese communist party congress |
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| discussing next 5 yr plan, possibly a more "inclusive growth"/balanced develop. across classes and geography |
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| mass protests against increasing retirement age from 60 to 62. |
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| German Chancellor's statements on multiculturalism in Germany |
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| building a multicultural Germany has "utterly failed" due to lack of effort... ppl need to speak German. more ppl are leaving Germany than entering it |
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| Ahmadinejad's visit to Lebanon |
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| large Shiite pop. in Lebanon. arrogant display of pwr being so close to Israel, large booing of the pop. towards Lebanon's PM. demonstration of mass support for Iran in Lebanon among large Shiite population |
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| Russia-Venezuela energy cooperation |
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| trying to compete w/ US by cooperating on oil & gas production. Hugo Chavez = born in Russia. also military agreements, Venezuela buying lots of weapons from Russia. also militaries cooperating overall |
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| Political violence in Karachi, Pakistan |
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| seat was recently vacated due to a murder in August, however, when it was replaced in a by-election ppl went to the streets, 85 ppl died |
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| Russia mad at EU for favoring Ukraine in new gas pipelines, energy... replacing existing Partnership & Cooperation Agreement. Russia is huge supplier of oil & gas to EU... EU able to travel to Russia w/out Visa? |
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| 2010 Nobel Peace prize to Liu Xiaobao |
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| gave peace prize to imprisoned Chinese dissident - undermining Communist rule in China, they are furious |
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| Afghanistan's September elections |
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| widespread fraud, over 10% of votes had to be thrown out due to allegations of fraud, ballot stuffing, armed intimidation,vote buying, preliminary results have been postponed twice already as they try to sort through all the votes |
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