Term
| Schmitter and Karl definition of democracy |
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Definition
| a system of governance in which rulers are accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected officials |
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Term
| 7 elements of Ronald Dahl's "polyarchy" |
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Definition
1) Decisions about policy are vested in elected officials
2) Frequent and fairly conducted elections
3) right to vote for practically all adults
4) right to run for practically all adults
5) Citizens have rights to express themselves without punishment
6) CItizens have right to seek out alternative sources of information
7) Citizens have right to form relatively independent associations or organizations |
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Term
| Schmitter and Karl "procedural minimum" conditions for democracy |
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Definition
All 7 of Ronald Dahl's elements of polyarchy plus
1) Elected officials can exercise constitutional powers without subjecting to overriding opposition from unelected officials
2) Must be self-governing (In other words, it must act independently from an overarching political system |
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Term
| 11 Ways democracies differ by Schmitter and Karl |
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Definition
1) Consensus
2) Participation
3) Access
4) Responsiveness
5) Majority rule
6) Parliamentary sovereignty
7) party government
8) Pluralism
9) Federalism
10) Presidentialism
11) Checks and Balances |
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Term
| Schmitter and Karl: 4 Things Democracies are not |
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Definition
1) Not necessarily more economic efficient
2) Not necessarily more efficient administratively
3) Not likely to appear more orderly or stable than autocracy |
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Term
| Zakaria definition of democracy |
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Definition
| elections must be open and fair, and this requires some protections for freedom of speech and assembly |
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Term
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Definition
1) Define concepts
2) Operationalize concept
3) Use comparative method |
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Term
| Ragin's definition of the comparative method |
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Definition
| the comparison of large macro social units with the goal of explaining and interpreting macrosocial variation |
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Term
| Schmitter and Karl concepts of democracy |
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Definition
1) public realm
2) citizens
3) competition
4) election
5) majority rule
6) Numbers meet intensities
7) Cooperation
8) Representative
9) Regime |
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Term
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Definition
| Randomize assigns cases to either treatment group or control |
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Term
| Three types of scientific methods |
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Definition
| Experimental, Statistical, Comparative |
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Term
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Definition
1) Does with math what we do with randomizing in the experimental method
2) Random selection rather than random assignment |
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Term
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Definition
| a cause is truly a cause when the outcome is present if and only if the cause is present |
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Term
| 1) Reason in support of probabilistic causation |
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Definition
| 1)accounts for measurement error and general random nature of world |
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Term
| Mill's Methods of Agreement (Def, 3 Weaknesses) |
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Definition
1)if two or more cases have only one circumstance in common, than that circumstance is the cause of the given phenomenon
Weaknesses
1) No variation on dependent variable
2) Chance of reverse causation
3) Doesn't explain multiple causation |
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Term
| Mill's Method of Difference (Def, 1 Strength, Weaknesses) |
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Definition
1) if two or more cases have nearly every circumstance in common except for one, and experience different outcomes, the circumstance in which they differ is the cause of the variation of outcomes
Strengths
1) if it is known that the outcome occurs after the circumstance, than cause and effect can be satisfied
Weaknesses
1) case selection
2) Reverse causation if order of outcome and circumstance is unknown
3) Multiple causation |
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Term
| Comparative Method is good at (2): |
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Definition
1) making arguments sensitive to context
2) teasing out causally complex processes |
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Term
| 4 Drawbacks of Comparative method |
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Definition
1) Limited ability to control
2) many variables, few cases
3) hard to generalize
4) measurement problems |
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Term
| Keohane, King, and Verba (KKV) Unified Logic |
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Definition
Unified Logic of Inference: you collect data points in order to draw generalized conclusions
-We see this in both qualitative and quantitative research |
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Term
| KKV 4 Characteristics of Scientific Research |
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Definition
1) The goal is inference: to go beyond the particular observations collected
2) the procedures are public: use of explicit public methods to generalize and analyze data
3) The conclusions are uncertain: inference is imperfect
4) The content is the method: methods can be used to study virtually anything |
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Term
| Rationalist Paradigm (1) definition, (2) strengths, (2) weaknesses |
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Definition
1) based upon the maximization of interests
Strengths
1) clarity of mathematical reasoning
2)) good for looking at static not dynamic level
Weakness
1) anemic view of interests
2) lack of realism |
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Term
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Definition
1) preferred causal explanation is culture
2) Culuture is defined roughly as a society's ways of life, systems of meaning and values
Strength
1) Provide nuanced and detailed descriptions of particular cases
Weaknesses
1) leads to non-generalizable theories
2) problems with defining culture
3) mechanisms are hard to specify |
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Term
| Structuralist/Institutional Paradigm |
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Definition
1) draw together long-standing interests in political and social institutions in order to produce interpretive understanding
Weaknesses
1) role of human intention is not factored in
2) too static (How do you explain institutional change |
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Term
| How the paradigm differ in ontology |
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Definition
1) Rationalists study how actors employ reason
2) culturalists study rules
3) Structuralists explore relations |
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Term
| Schmitter and Karl Two defining features of democracy |
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Definition
1) contingent consent: elected officials and citizens submit to the rules of democracy
2) unbounded certainty: outcomes of future elections are unclear until they actually occur |
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