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| Head of state (less practical powers, more ceremonial); Dissolves Bundestag (lower house); proclaims laws; appoints and dismisses the chancellor |
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| Strong chancellor; picks their own cabinet; responsible for main lines of government and defends them before bundestag and public; responsible for what ministers say or do; |
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| Elected by special Federal Assembly composed of all Bundestag members and equal number from state legislatures |
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| SMDs and portional representation. Voter has 2 votes, one for SMD in one of 299 districts and other for party |
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