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| the study of political phenomena that occur predominantly within countries |
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| the study of political phenomena that occur predominantly between countries |
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| (Also known as Mill's methods) Involves the systematic search for the necessary and sufficient causes of political phenomena. The comparative method comprises the Method of Agreement and the Method of Difference. |
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| a circumstance in whose absence the event in question cannot occur |
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| a circumstance in whose presence the event in question must occur |
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| necessary and sufficient condition |
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| a circumstance in whose absence the event in question will not occur and in whose presence the event in question must occur |
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| compares cases that agree in regard to the outcome to be explained |
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| compares cases that differ in regard to the outcome being explained |
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| one that always produces a specific outcome |
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| one that influences the probability of a specific outcome |
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| occurs when the effect of one variable on an outcome depends on the value of another variable |
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| a set of logically connected statements, typically in the form of a set of premises and a conclusion |
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| a statement that is presumed to be true within the context of an argument leading to a conclusion |
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| a claim that is thought to be supported by the premises |
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| an argument in which, if you accept the premises, you are compelled to accept the conclusion |
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| an argument in which, if you accept the premises, then you are free to accept of reject the conclusion |
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| a specific type of argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion |
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| an approach in science in which scientists generate testable hypotheses from theories designed to explain phenomena of interest. It emphasizes that scientific theories are constantly called into question and that their merit lies only in how well they stand up to rigorous testing |
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| they are potentially testable--there must be some imaginable observation that could falsify or refute it |
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| a statement that is true by definition |
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| describes the process by which scientists learn about the world |
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| a set of logically consistent statements that tell us why the things that we observe occur. A theory is sometimes referred to as a model or an explanation. |
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| nature's operating mechanisms are unchanging in the sense that if X causes Y, then it will also cause Y tomorrow and the next day and so on. |
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| one that allows the analyst to use observation to distinguish between two or more competing explanations of the same phenomenon |
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| the subset of human behavior that involves the use of power or influence |
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| you accept that there has been a deleterious change in your environment and you alter your behavior to achieve the best outcome possible given your new environment |
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| you use your voice (complain, protest, lobby, or take direct action) to try to change the environment back to its original condition |
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| you accept the fact that your environment has changed and make no change in your behavior |
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| a fundamental tool for analyzing strategic situation |
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| one in which the choices of one actor depend on the choices made by others |
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| a situation in which an individual's ability to achieve her goals depends on the choices made by other actors |
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| a complete plan of action that specifies what a player would do under every possible circumstance |
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| a set of strategies in a game such that no player has an incentive to unilaterally change her mind given what the other players are doing |
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| indicate how the players value each of the possible outcomes |
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| players make their choices sequentially |
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| players make their choices simultaneously |
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| a point in an extensive form game at which a player must choose an action |
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| a place where the game ends |
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| a place where the game begins |
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| represent the actions that can be taken at choice nodes |
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| the entire specification of choice nodes and branches that comprise an extensive form game |
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| subgame perfect Nash equilibrium |
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| a set of strategies such that each player is playing a Nash equilibrium in every subgame |
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| the part of an extensive form game beginning at one choice nod and including all succeeding nodes |
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| the process of reasoning backward, from the end of a game or situation to the beginning, in order to determine an optimal course of action |
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| a group of people who share some sort of common identity like a language, religion, ethnicity, or shared history (ex. Jewish nation before Israel was established) |
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| a state in which a single nation predominates and the legal, social, demographic, and geographic boundaries of the state are connected in important ways to that nation |
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| an entity that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory |
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| a statelike entity that cannot coerce and is unable to successfully control the inhabitants of a given territory |
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| contraction view of the state |
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| sees the creation of the state as resulting from a social contract between individuals in the state of nature in which the state provides security in exchange for obedience from the citizen |
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| term used to describe situations in which there is no state |
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| table that represents the strategies and payoffs available to players in strategic or normal form games |
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| indicates how a player ranks the possible outcomes of a game |
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| allows us to know how a player ranks the possible outcomes; they do not tell us how much more a player prefers one outcome to another |
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| the action that yields the highest payoff given what the other player is doing |
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| the strategy that is a best reply to all of the other player's strategies |
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| dominant strategy Nash equilibrium |
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| occurs when both players have a dominant strategy |
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| a universal right that is inherent in the nature of living beings; as such, a natural right can exist even in the state of nature |
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| does not arise naturally but is instead created by the state through laws; as such, a civil right cannot exist in the state of nature |
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| an implicit agreement among individuals in the state of nature to create and empower the state. In doing so, it outlines the rights and responsibilities of the state and the citizens in regard to each other |
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| allow us to know how much more the players prefer one outcome to another |
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| predatory view of the state |
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| holds that states that exercise an effective control over the use of violence are in a position to threaten the security of citizens. This makes it possible for them to exploit the citizens that, according to the social contract view of the state, they have a duty to protect. |
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| a Greek word meaning "rule by the demos" |
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| "the people" refers to the "common people" those people with little or no economic independence who were politically uneducated |
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| a quantification of the concept or thing in which we are interested |
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| substantive view of democracy |
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| classifies political regimes in regard to the outcomes that they produce |
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| minimalist (procedural) view of democracy |
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| classifies political regimes in regard to their institutions and procedures |
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| captures the extent to which citizens are free to organize themselves into competing blocs in order to press for the policies and outcomes they desire |
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| who gets to participate in the democratic process |
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| a political regime with high levels of both contestation and inclusion |
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| one that only has two discrete categories |
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| one that can take on any intermediate value within a given range |
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| the process of creating mental categories that capture the meaning of objects, events or ideas |
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| the extent to which our measures correspond to the concepts that they are intended to reflect |
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| classifies observations into discrete categories that must be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive |
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| places observations on a scale so that we can tell how much more or less of the things being measured each observation exhibits |
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| refers to the extent to which the measurement process repeatedly and consistently produces the same score for a given case |
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| refers to the ability of third-party scholars to reproduce the process through which a measure is created |
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| gross domestic product per capita |
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| GDP measures the value of all goods and services produced in a country during a specified period, usually during one year. GDP per capita is a country's GDP divided by the size of the population. It is a common measure of the amount of wealth per person in an economy. |
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| predicts that democracy is more likely to emerge and survive as countries develop and become wealthier |
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| predicts that democracy is more likely to survive as countries develop and become wealthier but it is not more likely to emerge |
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| debt that is accrued by the sovereign |
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| credible commitment problem |
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| occurs when (a) an actor who makes a promise today may have an incentive to renege on that promise in the future and (b) power is in the hands of the actor who makes the promise and not in the hands of those expected to benefit from the promise |
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| the difference between an asset's value and its short-run opportunity cost |
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| one that cannot easily be converted into cash |
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| one, such as cash, bank deposits, and the like, that can easily be turned into other types of assets |
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| a state that derives all or a substantial portion of its revenue from the rent of indigenous natural resources to external clients |
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| naturally occurring substances that are usually considered valuable, such as oil, diamonds, and minerals |
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| the paradox that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to experience things like poor governance, low level of economic development, civil war, and dictatorship |
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| aid that people in one country give to another |
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| an outcome that we want to explain |
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| independent (explanatory) variable |
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| what we think will explain, or determine the value of, the dependent variable |
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| treat cultures as something that is objective and inherited |
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| treat culture as something that is constructed or invented than inherited |
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| cultural modernization theory |
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| socioeconomic development does not directly cause democracy; economic development produces certain cultural changes, such as the emergence of a civic culture, and it is these cultural changes that ultimately produce democratic reform |
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| a shared cluster of attitudes that includes things like a high level or interpersonal trust, a preference for gradual societal change, a high level of support for the existing political system, and high levels of life satisfaction |
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| defining characteristic is that the analyst deliberately introduces variation into the date generating process |
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| the process by which data or observations are generated |
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| data from experimental research |
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| when the researcher observes the data but does not have anything to do with how it is generated |
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| data from non-experimental research |
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| one in which nature exogenously intervenes in the data-generating process. The analyst acts as if she intervened in it when analyzing the data |
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| an experiment that is conducted in a common location, such as a lab; the researcher controls all aspects of the environment except for the behavior of the participants, who are known subjects |
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| an experiment in which the interactions between the analyst and subjects take place in the context of the subjects' everyday lives |
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| an experiment that occurs over the internet |
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