Term
| Animals can assimilate nutrients into their body via 3 ways: |
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Definition
Trans-epithelial absorption: absorbing nutrients across their body surface Intracellular digestion: Large food particles taken in by pinocytosis or phagocytosis Extracellular digestion: of food inside a special digestive tract (gut) that allows ingestion and digestion of particles much larger than individual cells |
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Term
| Nutrients: what are the organic molecules taken in by animals? Hint- 4 |
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Definition
Carbohydrates: primarily used as an energy source for cellular metabolism Proteins: consist of amino-nitrogen, containing amino acids many of which are essential. Proteins are a major source of excreted nitrogen Lipids: diverse including fatty acids, triaglycerides and phospholipids, also an important energy source and constituent of membranes. Few are essential- required in diet ie cholesterol is essential for insects) Nucleic acids: make up DNA and RNA subunits- all synthesised by animals they are a major source of excreted nitrogen |
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Term
| What are the more abundant minerals in the body? |
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Definition
Calcium and phosphorus [bone] Potassium sodium and chlorine [body fluid ions] and magnesium |
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Term
| Why do wild herbivores have a specific craving/appetite for salt? |
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Definition
Animals that consume plants often do not obtain their required nutrients in their diet because plants lack specific compounds (eg sodium and chloride) |
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Term
Give examples of organisms that absorb nutrients across their body surface [Trans-epitihilial absorption] |
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Definition
Gutless bivalves internal parasites pogonophorans [beard worms] |
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Term
| What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
1. energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed. 2. there is an inevitable degradation of useful energy into heat |
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Term
| Are animals closed or open systems? |
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Definition
open systems Most animals gain energy by eating food (organic material, either plant or animal tissues), and this energy is used for metabolism- its lost in various forms. A few animals are able to use inorganic chemical energy. |
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Term
| What is metabolism used for? |
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Definition
maintenance of the special environment inside cellls: Special intracellular environment= maintaining these solute gradients requires the expenditure of energy. Activity such as muscle contraction, ciliary or flagellar beating, or glandular secretion. Growth and reproduction Thermoregulation by endothermic animals (mainly mammals, birds and some insects). |
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Term
| What are the ways to measure metabolic rate? [hint- 6] |
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Definition
substrate utilisation [impractical] oxygen consumption carbon dioxide production [occasionally used] metabolic water production [usually impractical] heat production [perhaps the best measure] energy balance [theoretically possible but also impractical-measure the energy content of all food and drink consumed, of faeces and urine, account for growth and reproduction; the energy unaccounted for is the metabolic energy] |
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Term
| What are the determinants of metabolic rate? [hint- 4] |
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Definition
Activity Level [varies from a minimal, basal level to a maximal, summit level.] Body Mass Taxonomy [ unicellular organisms, 'cold-blooded' or poikilothermic animals, 'warm-blooded' or homiothermic animals] Temperature |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of proteins in organisms that survive in high temperatures? |
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Definition
Organisms that live at high temperaturesave proteins with more hydrogen-bonds and hydrophobic bonds, to keep the structure stable. |
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Term
the common biological temperature range is about 0 C to about 50 degrees C. What fungi prefer temperatures from 10-30 degrees? What fungi prefer temperatures from 30-50 degrees? What fungi survive in temperatures -5 to 5 degrees? |
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Definition
Mesophile fungi 10-30 Thermophile 30-50 psychrophile -5 to 5
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