Term
| What are the 3 functions of the skull? |
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Definition
- Protection/Support
- Food processing/Procurement
- Ventilation of gills and/or lungs
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Term
| What are the 3 major components of the vertebrate skull? |
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Definition
- Chondrocranium
- Splanchnocranium
- Dermatocranium
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Term
| What are 2 other names for the chondrocranium? |
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Definition
- Neurocranium
- Primary brain case
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Term
| What does the chodrocranium form? |
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Definition
| The floor back and walls of the brain case, and the nasal and otic (inner ear capsule regions) |
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Term
| What is the chondrocranium made of? |
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Definition
| Cartilage and endochondral bone |
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Term
| What is the chondrocranium derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the chondrocranium present in all craniates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five basic embryonic elements that make up the chondrocranium? |
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Definition
- Prechordal cartilage
- Parachordal cartilage
- Sense capsules
- Occipital elements
- Orbital cartilages
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Term
| What is the prechordal cartilage? |
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Definition
| The pair of bars anterior to the notochord |
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Term
| What are the parachordal cartilages? |
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Definition
| The pair of cartilages behind the prechordal cartilages and flanking the notochord |
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Term
| What are the 3 sense capsules and where are they found? |
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Definition
- Olfactory/nasal: around olfactory sacs
- Optic capsules: around the eye
- Otic capsules: around inner ear region
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Term
| What are the occipital elements? |
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Definition
| Several elements around the notochord at the back of the brain |
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Term
| What are the orbital cartilages? |
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Definition
| Several rods of cartilages that expand to contribute to the lateral walls and roof |
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Term
| What's another name for the prechordal cartilages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the prechordal cartilage form? |
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Definition
| Expands and fuses to form the ethmoid plate |
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Term
| What does the parachordal cartilage form? |
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Definition
| Expands and fuses to form the basal plate |
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Term
| What do the three sense capsules form? |
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Definition
Olfactory: fuses with the ethmoid plate
Optic: forms sclera of the eye, but doesn't fuse with the chondrocranium
Otic: fuses with the basal plate
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Term
| What does the orbital cartilage form? |
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Definition
| Expands to form the roof and walls of the brain case |
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Term
| What do the occipital elements form? |
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Definition
| Expand and fuse to form the occipital arch and foramen magnum |
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Term
| What part of the skeleton is the splanchocranium a part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the splanchocranium made of? |
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Definition
| Consists of elements within the branchiomeres including cartilage and cartilage replacement bone |
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Term
| Where is the splanchocranium derived from? |
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Definition
| Neural crest cells that migrated into the region |
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Term
| Is the splanchocranium present in all craniates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six elements that make up the splanchnocranium? (Will vary depending on craniate group) |
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Definition
- Gill arch elements
- Jaws/Jaw supports
- Ear bones
- Elements of hyoid apparatus
- Laryngeal and tracheal elements
- Some bones of the brain case
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Term
| How many visceral arches make up the splachnocranium? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the first visceral arch called?
Second?
Third through seventh? |
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Definition
Arch 1: Mandibular Arch
Arch 2: Hyoid Arch
Arches 3-7: Branchal Arches |
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Term
What are the 2 elements of the mandibular arch?
Are they on the dorsal or ventral side? |
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Definition
Dorsal: palatoquadrate
Ventral: Meckel's cartilage |
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Term
What are the 4 elements of the hyoid arch?
Are they on the dorsal or ventral side? |
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Definition
Dorsal: Hyomandibular, ceratohyal, and hypohyal
Ventral: Basihyal |
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Term
What are the 5 elements of the branchial arches?
Are they on the dorsal or ventral side? |
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Definition
Dorsal: Pharyngobranchial, Epibranchial, Ceratobranchial, and Hypobranchial
Ventral: Basibranchial |
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Term
| Describe the origin of jaws |
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Definition
| The entire splanchnocranium consisted of branchial gill arhces and the first jaws were derived from an anterior pair of these arches |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest jaw condition where the mandibular arch was not supported by the hyomandibula and chondrocranium |
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Term
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Definition
| Jaws of early chondrichthyans/bony fishes where the mandibular arch was supported posteriorly by the hyomandibular and anteriorly by ligaments from braincase to palatoquadrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Jaws of derived sharks/some bony fishes where the mandibular arch is supported by the hyomandibula and is flexible enough to allow protrusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Jaws of most reptiles amphibians and nirds where the entire upper jaw is part of the braincase and all dermal bone and most of the lower jaw is dermal bone, but not a single element |
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Term
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Definition
Jaws of mammals where the lower jaw is a single dermal bone element and the entire upper jaw is part of the brain case
The lower jaw also articulates with the brain case |
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Term
| What is the dermatocranium? |
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Definition
| Dermal bone that's the superficial covering of the skull and is present in most craniates |
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Term
| What three groups lack a dermetocranium? |
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Definition
- Hagfish
- Lamprey
- Chondrichthyans
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Term
| What are the 4 major groups of dermatocranial bones? |
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Definition
- Dermal Roof Series
- Palatal Bones
- Lower Jaw Series
- Opercular/Gular Series
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Term
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Definition
| Skull flexibility and mobility due to the independent movement of elements that make up the skull |
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Term
What are 4 groups that experience cranial kinesis?
What group does not? |
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Definition
- Teleosts, amphibians, squamates, and birds
- Mammals
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Term
| What is a temporal fenestra? |
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Definition
| Openings in the temporal region of the skulls of amniotes |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of skulls based on temporal fenestration? |
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Definition
- Anapsid
- Euryapsid
- Synapsid
- Diapsid
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Term
| Describe the anapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate it's seen in |
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Definition
No openings in the skull
Turtles |
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Term
| Describe the euryapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate who has this skull |
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Definition
One upper temporal opening bordered by the postorbital and squamosal
Plesiosaurs (no extant vertebrates) |
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Term
| Descibe the synapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate with this skull |
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Definition
One temporal opening bordered by the potorbital and squamosal
Mammals |
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Term
| Descibe the diapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate with this skull |
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Definition
Two temporal openings seperated by the postorbital and squamosal
Lepidosaurs |
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Term
| What is the significance of the temporal fenestrae? |
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Definition
| Openings allowed for enlargement of jaw muscles and increase in surface area for attachment |
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Term
| What are 5 components of the postcranial axial skeleton? |
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Definition
- Notochord
- Vertebral Column
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Median Fins
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Term
| What are three general functions of the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
- Protection of the spinal cord
- Locomotion
- Body support/posture under the force of gravity
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Term
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Definition
| An embryonic feature of all craniates that is rod shaped and found below the spinal cord. It consists of a sheath of connective tissue enclosing fluid filled cells |
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Term
| In what groups is the notochord retained? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the notochord replaced by in most vertebrates? |
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Definition
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