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| the science of the form and function of organisms |
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| that which can be seen with the naked eye |
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| requires microscopy for study |
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| related to alterations in structure and function due to disease |
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| form and reationships of all the organs present in an area or region of the body |
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| groups of organs related in function such as the digestive system |
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| Digestive, Repro, urinary and respritory systems |
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| endociren system// ductless glands |
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| central and peripheral nervous system |
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| sensory system/ eye and ear |
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| pertaining to the head or the head end of the body/ on the limbs, it applies proximal to the carpus or tarsus |
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| situated toward the tail/ on the limbs, it applies proximal to the carpus or tarsus |
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| toward the front of the head/nose |
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| directed or situated toward the back |
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| directed or situated toward the belly surface |
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| away from the median plane/ midline |
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| close or toward the median plane |
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| toward the axis of the body, limb or part |
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| away from the axis of the body, limb or part |
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| flexor surface of the forelimb distal to the carpas |
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| pertains to the sole or cauddal surface of the hindlimb distal ot the tarsus |
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| nearest to a point of reference |
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| furthest from a poiint of reference |
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| infront of, front , directed toward the front |
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| after, behind, following, toward the rear, toward or situated on the back |
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| above, over situated abocve or directed upwards |
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| below, under, situated bewlow or directed downwards |
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| What is the difference between human and animal directional terms? |
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| a result of the differences between quads and bipeds |
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| part of the thoracic limb between the antebrachium and metacarpals (knee in horses, wrist in humans) |
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| part of the pelvic limb between the leg (crus) and metatarsles (hock, ankle in humans) |
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| area between stifle and the tarsus (leg) |
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| area between the shoulder and elbow |
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| area between the elbow and carpus |
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| area between the stifle and the tarsus |
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| area from the carpus distally |
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| movement that increases the angle of a joint |
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| movement that d3ecreases the angle of a joint |
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| movement of a part away from the median plane |
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| movement of a part toward the median plane |
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| movement of a part around its long axis |
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| lying on the back, position of the distal extremity with the palmar/plantar surface facing up |
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| lying on the back, position of the distal extremity with the palmar/plantar surface facing up |
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| lateral movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surfac4 faces medially |
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| medial movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surface faces the ground |
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| dividesa the body into equal halves |
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| parallel to the median plane |
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| right angles to the median and transverse planes. aso referred to as frontal or horizontal in some texts |
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| right angle to the median plane. a cross section |
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| Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria |
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| the international stardard for naming anatomical structures in animals |
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| nomina anatomica veterinaria |
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| one of the bones on the pelvis |
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| terminal portion of the small intestine |
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| NOTHING, SHOULD BE AND E INSTEAD OF AN I |
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| dorsal aspect of the body or extermity is facing up |
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| ungulates with an even number of toes |
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| unculages with an odd number of toes |
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| basic strucutral unit of living organisms |
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| 8 things a cell is involved in |
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| Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Absorption, Metabolism, Secretion, Conductivity, Contraction |
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| maintenance of a state of relative stability |
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| Responses to ______ are attempts to maintain homeostaisis |
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| increase in size which can be normal as an animal developes |
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| increas3e in the number of cells |
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| increase in the size of a cell |
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| What 2 cells continually reproduce? |
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| intake of dissolved materials or water through the cell membrane |
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| across a concetration gradient |
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| throguht hte expenditure of energy |
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| group of tissues into functional groups |
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| group of organs working for a common cause |
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| total of all physical and biochemical reations occuring in the cell |
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| products from cell are r3eleased locally or peripherally via the blood lymphatics |
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| transmission of an electrical impulse |
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| ability to shorten in length (muscle) |
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| contains phospholipids and protiens |
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| the phosphlipids are arranged with the hydrophobic or non polar ends facing each other |
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| what ar part of the membrand and involved with active transport |
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| transmembrand and integral protiens |
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| what are usuallly bound to the cytosolic surface |
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| lamellae near the nucleus |
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| stack of flattened membranous sacs |
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| Where are the sites of the final stages of synthesis and packaging of secretory products |
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| Where are secretory products packaged for temporary storage or transprot to the PM for release? |
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| Why are secretory producs sent to the PM? |
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| avoid organells with a double membrand where ATP takes place |
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| where does ATP take place? |
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| project to the interior of mitochongdria to increase surface area |
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| what does increasing the surface area of mitochondria support? |
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| Mitochondria have thier own __________ to reproduce themselves |
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| membrsane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic or digestive enzymes |
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| where to lysosomes originate? |
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| lysosomes fuse with vesicles containing what to aid with ______. |
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| phagoctized (ingested) extracellular material; digestion |
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| vesicles containing enzymes for degrading lipids, alcohols and various toxic materials |
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| What are numerous in kidney and liver cells? |
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Definition
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| what do peroxisomes produce? |
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| intracellular material that contains the otganells and nucleus |
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| the relativly liquid parts of the cytoplasm |
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| rod like structues within the cytoplasm |
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| largest and most rigid cytoskeleton element |
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| What are the 3 cytoskeleton elements? |
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| Microtubules, intermediat filaments, and microfiliments |
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| intermediat filaments are seen where? |
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| in specialized cell junctions like desmosomes |
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| what meskes up the spindle fibers formed during cell division |
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| what is part of the mobile elements of cilia? |
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| _______ assist in the intracellular trnasport of molecues |
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| microfilaments are thinner than ________ but make up most of the __________. |
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| microtubues; cytoskeleton |
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| Microfilaments contain what? |
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| membranousnetwork in the cytoplasm |
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| what are the 2 forms of ER? |
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| associated with ribosomes |
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| small particles where protien synthesis begins |
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| the products produ ed int he ER are trnasferred to the ________ by ______. |
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| Where is the ER termed sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
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| 5 things that protiens in the PM function as. |
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| transport, binding hormones, binding cells to joints, enzymes, identification of cell type and origin |
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| What are the 2 plasma membran surface features? |
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| the brush border is made of what? |
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| fingerlike projections from the cell surface |
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| in areas wehre material is bing moved past the surface |
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| What are the 3 types of Cell Junctions? |
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| Desmosomes, tight and gap |
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| local thickenings of the plasma membran which tightly bind adjacent cells |
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| appear as a zone where the Pm adhere to eacheother |
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| what to tight cell junctions do? |
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| restrict the movemement of water or dissolved materials |
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| form massages between cells |
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| Wher are gap cell junctinos found? |
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| in smoth muscle and caridac muscle |
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| what do gap cell junctions do? |
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| allow conductin of electrical activity |
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| short cylinders of 9 triplets of MT |
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| when located at the ase of cilia centrols are termed this |
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| contains the DNA of the cell which appears as diffuse stianing chromatin in nondiving cell and as chromosome4s when dividing |
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| Nuclieoli are dicrete areas of clustered DNA, which codes for ribosomal RNA |
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| two membrands separated by a small space |
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| 2 functins of the nucleus |
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| reguation fo protien sytheses and biochemical activities and esuring pasage of gentic material |
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| epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle |
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| covers the body surface and lines hollow organs |
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| support and combine other tissues |
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| what provieds form and strngh to many organs |
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| what type of tisse is bood considered? |
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| conduct electrical impulses |
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| cells are approximatly equal in dementions |
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| cylindrical in shape, all about the same length |
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| columnar cells of varying lengths |
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| multiple layers that can stretch into one layer |
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| what does stratified squamous epithellum form? |
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Definition
| the outer layer of the skin and the mucocutaneous junction |
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| stratum basale is also known as what |
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Definition
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| the basal layer is the _______est layer and contains the ________ _______ cells which are more _______ in shape |
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Definition
| deep; actively multiplying; cubital |
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| Stratum spinosum is aka ____ |
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Definition
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| stratum granulosum aka _______ |
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| stratum corneum aka_______ |
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Definition
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| as the cells _______ in the _______ layer the more _______ cells are forced toward the ________ |
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| divide; basle; superficial; surface |
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| when cells loose thier blood supply the become flattened and increasingly ______ |
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| the most superfical layer can become ______ and is constantly what? |
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| cells that aere specialized for secreathin or excreation |
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| release of synthesized products |
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| expulsion of cellualr waste products |
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| ductless and produce hormones |
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| have ducts and empty thier contents onto another epithelial surface |
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| a firm connective tissu, but nmot as hard as bone |
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| hyaline, elastic, fibrocartalige |
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| found in joints on the articular surfacee where it serves to reduce friction |
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| what cartilage is found in the nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi? |
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| flexible but provides rigidy |
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| What type of cartalige is found in the epiglottis and inside and outside the auditory meadis? |
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| a mixture of cartilage and collagen |
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| what kind of cartalige makes up the meninsci and intervertebral discs? |
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| Bone in the form of the skeleton is _____ and provides the framework for the _____ ______ |
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| produce osteoid tissue which calcifies |
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| cells that break down bony tissue |
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| cancellous bone forms what |
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| compact bone is what and found where? |
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| dense and found in the cortices of long bones and elsewhere |
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| blood is considered a _____ ______ since it is produced where? |
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| connective tissue; bone marrow |
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| straw-colored fluid that doesn't contain cells of fibrinogen |
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| based on the stining of granules fount in the cytopasm |
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| cellular fragments that are important in blood clotting |
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| gland is in a tublike form |
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| aveolar is the same as what |
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| glad is a hllow ball of cells |
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| had both fetures (both tubular and ball-shaped) |
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| duct that brnaches and can be subdivided into lobes and lobules |
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| no loss of part of the cell or cytoplasm |
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| what gland is most common? |
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| loss of the entire cell when secretory products are released |
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| some cytoplasm and plasma membrane lost |
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| elastic, collagenous, reticular, adipose, cartilage, bone and blood |
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| Elastic connective tissue |
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Definition
| will regain shape after bing stretched |
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| what is the main compenent of collagenous CT? |
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Definition
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| there are how many types of collagenous tissue? |
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Definition
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| T/F collagenous has a low tensile strenght |
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Definition
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| tendons have a ______ regular CT |
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Definition
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| collagenous CT can be found in ______ ______ to ______ configerations |
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Definition
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| Areolar CT is found throught the body providing ________ and _________ |
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Definition
| cushioning and flexibility |
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| the fibers form delicate and flexible networks around structures such as capillaries and nerves |
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| Reticular CT also serves as a part of the framework for ______ and _________ organs |
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Definition
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Definition
| fat and the cells are termed adipocytes |
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Definition
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| what are the two types of adipose CT? |
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| t/f white fat is found through the body |
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Definition
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| t/f brown is the normal fat color |
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Definition
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| t/f brown fat is found in older animals |
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Definition
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| Brown fat is found in ______ (type of animal) and animals that __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f brown fat serves as a heat source because it is metobolically active |
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Definition
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| In what animals may white fat appear to be yellow and why? |
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| horses and cattle because of carotenes in the forages |
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| what is stored in white fat? |
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Definition
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| CT found throughout the body |
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Definition
| contain myosin and actin that contract and shorten the muscle fiber |
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| t/f skelatal is not under voluntary control |
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Definition
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| intercaited disks beteen cardiac cells contain what junction that allow cunduction of the stimulus to _____. |
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Definition
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| __________ cells are modifeed cardiac cells that conduct electrical impulses |
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Definition
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| what 3 things do neurons have? |
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Definition
| cell body, axon and dendrites |
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| carries the electrical signal away fron the cell |
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| t/f axon cells are long cells |
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Definition
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| bundles of axons in the spinal cord |
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| bundles of axons in the periphery |
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| t/f mylin contains fat, and it helps it conduct |
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Definition
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Definition
| concentrations of cell bodies in the central nervous system |
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| where do dendrites cary impulses to? |
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Definition
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| t/f smooth muscle contians striations, myosin and actin |
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Definition
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| t/f smooth muscle can shorten further than skelatal muscle, it's just slower |
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Definition
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| What shape are smooth muscle cells? |
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Definition
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| where is smooth muscle found? |
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Definition
| walls of hollow organs and blood vessels |
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Definition
| smooth muscle of the uterus |
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| what causes peristaltic movement in the gastrointestinal tract? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle contractions and relaxation |
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Term
| What does the integument system contain? |
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Definition
| skin, hair, glands, horns, hooves and claws |
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Term
| What are the two regions of the integument? |
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Definition
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Definition
| adipose and areolar CT that protects and cusions deeper structures and the skin itself |
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Term
| tactile hairs aka _______. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| where are tactile hairs found? |
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Definition
| on the face and around the lips and eyes |
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| t/f tactile hairs are thicker than gaurd hairs |
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Definition
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| a large blood ______ is situated around the deep portions of the _______. |
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Definition
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Definition
| keratinization process increases activity |
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Term
| where do the most superficial cells start to die? |
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Definition
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Definition
| found in areas of thick skin |
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Definition
| outer layer of dead and flattened cells |
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| keratinization/cornification |
|
Definition
| the drying and hardening of superficial cells |
|
|
Term
| a callus is an area of _________ of the stratum __________ that results from pressure or _________. |
|
Definition
| hyperplasia; cornea; friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fromt he basement membrand and migrate to the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| where are the langerhan's cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are meanocytes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the de3rmis represents _____% of the skin mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dermis refered to as in the hood and horn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts produce what 3 things? |
|
Definition
| collagen, elastin and reticular fiber |
|
|
Term
| what does the firoblasts give the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of the dermis? |
|
Definition
| papillary layer and reticular layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of shedding hair? |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells stop multiplying and become cornified and the papilla atrophies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phase in which the hair follicle is fully functional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the hair starts to atrophy and continues to atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the follicle is fully atrophied and the hair is diplaced/lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hair follicle starts to become functional agian and a new hair begins to grow |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of hair from growth to loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mammery glands are what kind of gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circumanal glands are large modified ________ glands in dongs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sweat glands predominate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweat glands are involved in _________ cooling and ______ metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what in horse sweat makes it lather? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweat glands are present in what area unique to cats and dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is found between the outer and inner sphincters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anal glands are only found in what animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paranal sinuses are aka ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paranal sinus/ anal sac glands |
|
Definition
| invaginations of the anal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| anal sac secretions have a strong oder and contribute to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modification of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| how many layers does the root sheath of a hair follicle have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the internal layer of the hair follicle cover? |
|
Definition
| dermal paillae and hair root |
|
|
Term
| the external layer of the hair follicle is _____ with the epidermis and gives rise to the ______ glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flexible strand of layers of dead keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of the shaft of hair |
|
|
Term
| the inner cortes is layers of ________ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layer of the hair shaft contians the melanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the central medulla has cells that are more_____ in shape in the hair shaft |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle fiber under sympathetic nervous system control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| why do dermal paillae indendt into the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are papillae most prominent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dermis contains what 4 important life factors? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local disruption between the epidermis and dermis as of repeated trauma or thermal inujury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are free nerve endings and transmit info from the exterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| react to stimuli from within the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay info concerning muscle, tendon and ligament movement and stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serve to increase the strength of skin through dens irregular CT with thick bundles of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are abundnatly present in the reticular layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of loose CT that separates the dermis from deeper structures |
|
|
Term
| the hypodermis permits movement of skin without what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variable amount of fat in the hypodermis and the amount varies in species |
|
|
Term
| what is "backfat"'s technical term? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple branched areolar glands that release sebum by holocrine secretion onto hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| sebaceous glands produce what into hair follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does arrector pili contraction compress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 5 areas a sebacouse gland would be directly at the skin surface |
|
Definition
| ear canal, anus, prepuce, penis and vulva |
|
|
Term
| the tarsal glands of the eye lids are what kind of gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair protection, water evap prevention of skin, soften skin, baceriocidal function |
|
|
Term
| name two specialized sebaceoous glands in sheep. |
|
Definition
| infraorbital and interdigital pouches |
|
|
Term
| name a spe cialized sebaceous gland in a goat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a specialized sebaceous gland in a hog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a specialized sebaceous gland near the scrotal or udder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do eccrine glands secrete sweat to? |
|
Definition
| naked or nearly so areas of the skin |
|
|
Term
| t/f eccrine glands are more important in thermoregulation than apocrine glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the epithelial covering of the body and largest organ in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction of the skin adn mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protectivce barrior, thermoregualtion, sensory input, metaboic actions, exreation of wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that produce keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waterproofing skin, protection, antimicrobial action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intercellular connections what anchors keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 row of cuboidal or columnar cells that rapidly divide |
|
|
Term
| most cells in the basale layer are ________, but ___% are ______. |
|
Definition
| katinocytes; 20; melanocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 8-10 layers think and relys on diffusion of nutrients from the d3ermis |
|
|
Term
| what do stratum spinosum cells appear in histologic preparations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outer layer of the hood is an _______ epidermal layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inner layer vascularized dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the dermis of the skin is contin uous with the corium of the hoof |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waxy material produced by the conary band and coats the hoof |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interdigitating sheets of tissue that connect the hoof wall to corium |
|
|
Term
| t/f bovine have primary and secondary laminea |
|
Definition
| f- only primary eq have both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer that extends fromt he periople layer of the skin epidermis in the area of the cononary band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bulk of the hoof and is organized in tubular arrangment of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the boundary between the epidermis and corium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the soft fingerlike projections of the newborn ungulate hoof |
|
|
Term
| what is the perpose of a eponychium? |
|
Definition
| protect mom's repro tract |
|
|
Term
| when do eponychiums shed? |
|
Definition
| when the newborn tries to stand |
|
|
Term
| where are chesnusts located on the front limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are chesnuts located in the rear limb? |
|
Definition
| slightly distal to tarsus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cornified epithelium in center of palmar/plantar part of fetlock |
|
|
Term
| a hot iron can be applied to the _________ _______ or _______ ____ to destroy future growth of the horn |
|
Definition
| germinal center; horn bud |
|
|
Term
| how are horns removed as an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does dehorning in adult cattle leave exposed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the buld of the horn is arranged in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft type horn that covers surface at base and extends a variable distance |
|
|
Term
| the epikeras is similar to what in the hoof? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Extracellular
2. Protiens
3. Phospholipids
4. Channle
5. Intracellular
6. Periperal Protien
7. Cholesterol
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Ribosome
2. Plasma membrane
3. Nucleolus
4. Nuclear envalope
5. Centriole
6. Smoth ER
7. Microtubules
8. Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Dorsal
2. Rostral
3. Caudal
4. Ventral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Green: Planter
Orange: Palmer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Rough ER
2. Nucleus
3. Chromatin
4. Gogi Apparatus
5. Free Ribosome
6. Lysosome
7. Cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Simple tubular
2. Simple branched tubular
3. Simple Coiled tubular
4. Simple branched aveolar
5. Compound tubular
6. Compound aveolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Sebateous Gland
2. Epidermis
3. Dermis
4. Hypodermis
5. Blood vessles
6. Arecter Pili Muscle
7. Sweat Gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cuticle
2. Cortex
3. Medula
4. External Sheath
5. Internal Sheath
6. Papillia CT/ Sebacious Gland
7. Arrecter Pili Muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Periaple
2. Corniary Corium
3. Stratinum Medium
4. Laminar Corium
5. Laminea
6. Stratinum Medum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the muscles have a membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulation of the muscle leads to depolarization and contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle can lengthen in response to stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to return to its original resting length |
|
|
Term
| 4 functions of the muscles |
|
Definition
| movement, posture, stabalize joints, generating heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locamotion, blood, gastointestinal tract and bladder movement |
|
|
Term
| how do muscles generate heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cardiac muscle is what kind of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiocytes ususally have ____ nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between cardiocytes there are ______ discs that are spicalized cells that _______ connect the cells |
|
Definition
| intercalated; electircally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-striated, monoculeated and involuntary |
|
|
Term
| where are smooth muscles found? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, gastointestinal tract, urinary system, repro |
|
|
Term
| single unit smooth muscle is called visceral/dorsal muscle and is scarsly/wideldy distributed in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of a single smooth muscle unit? |
|
Definition
| circular and longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| where is multiunit smooth muscle found? |
|
Definition
| iris of the eye, portions of the male repro, walls of large arteries and arrector pili |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscls make up about ___% of an animal's body weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skaletal muscles have ____ nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 components of individual skelatal muscles? |
|
Definition
| Muscle fibers or cells, CT, BV and N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer covering of dence irregular CT separtaing muscles. |
|
|
Term
| where is epimysium located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds each muscle fascicle or bundle of muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what makes up perimysium? |
|
Definition
| collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds each muscle fiber within each fascicle containg capillaries, nerve fibers and satellite or stem cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the four shapes of muscles? |
|
Definition
| parallel, circular, convergent, pennate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fascicles are arranged in a straight line and have the greatest potential for overlall shortening but are relatively weak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fascicles are in concentric rings as in muscles around the mouth and eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the muscle origin is wide but narrows to a tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| featherlike. attach obliquely to a tendon. increases power at the expens of how far the muscle can contract |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of pennate-shaped muscles |
|
Definition
| unipennate, bipennate, multipennate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendon runs along one side of the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the muscle fascicles converge from two sides onto the tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendon branches three or more times within a muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location, action, size, shape, direction of fibers, number of orgins/bellies, attachment site or origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a fixed attachment site, usually proximal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the moveable end of the muscle and is usually distal |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of muscle attachment to bone |
|
Definition
| tendon, aponeurosis, fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dense band or cord of regular CT that attaches muscle to periosteum of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendinous sheet with flat muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common type of attachment for superficial muscles like tensor fasciale latae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid structure like bone that moves around a fixed point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fulcrum is between the load and force appplied |
|
|
Term
| an animal lifting it's head is what class leaver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force is applied at one end and the fulcrum is at the other end with the load in between |
|
|
Term
| lifting a wheelbarrow is what kind of leaver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fulcrum and load are at either end of the lever and the force is appled between the two |
|
|
Term
| the bicepts brachii M flexing at the elbow is what class lever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f muscles usually work in groups rather than individually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mucles can be grouped by what 2 factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle that is primarily responsible for produing movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle that opposes the action of the agoinist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle that helps the agonist work more effeicintly by producing additional force to move a joint or stabilize a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the superficial fascia b/t the skin and the fascia covering deeper muscles |
|
|
Term
| cutaneous muscles allow for the movement of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three muscles are considered cutaneous muscles? |
|
Definition
| platysma of the heaad, cutaneous colli muscle in the neck, and cutaneus trunci M |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement that decreases the angle of a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement that increases the angle of a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of a part toward the median plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of a part around its long axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surfac faces medially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surface faces the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the CT that separates and surrounds imprtant structures |
|
|
Term
| how is th fascia divided? |
|
Definition
| dupericial, middle and deep parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep in the skin as an areolar tissue. allows neighboring structres to move against eachother to change shape |
|
|
Term
| what is stored in superficial fascia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tougher tissu and continuous with superficial facia and attaches to bone over most of the body |
|
|
Term
| deep facial also sends ____ b/t muscleas and does what to groups of muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep facia is found where? |
|
Definition
| thel imbs inm the antebrachium and crus |
|
|
Term
| what is important with blood and lymph vessles with the deep facia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes through the deep fascia septa? |
|
Definition
| V and N in the limbs that dont require assisted compression of muscles |
|
|
Term
| what 2 structues hold tendons in position? |
|
Definition
| retinacula and annular ligaments |
|
|
Term
| where are flexor retiinacula found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the shoulder joint, there is a ______ _____ retinacululm that holds the ______ of origin of the biceps in place in the ______ groove of the humberous |
|
Definition
| transverse humeral; tendon; intertubercular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thicknings of facia on the flexor aspct of the digits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick fibrous structure on the palmar/plantar aspect of the metacarp(tarso)phalangeal joint and hold the SDFT and DDFT firmly in place |
|
|
Term
| proximal annular ligament |
|
Definition
| supports the DDFT at the level of the second phalange and is associated with the first and holds the DDFT/SDFT firmly in place |
|
|
Term
| elevation of the mandible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| branches of the tigeminal nerve innervate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 5 muscles are used in chewing? |
|
Definition
| temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral ptergoid and digastricus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to the sagittal crest of the skull and the bulk of it lies in the temporal fossa on either side of the cranium |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the temporalis muscle? |
|
Definition
| to elevate the mandible in order to bring the upper and lower arcades of teeth into contact |
|
|
Term
| what breeds of dogs ahve an espeicially well developed powerful temporalis muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises fromk the maxillary region of the head and zygomatic arch to insert on the caudal part of the mandible |
|
|
Term
| what does the masseter muscle do? |
|
Definition
| acts to eleate the mandible and move it laterally |
|
|
Term
| what is the masseter muscel especially well developed in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the pterygoid muscles |
|
Definition
| arise from the ptergoid and palatine bones to insert on the mandible |
|
|
Term
| what do the pterygoid muscles do? |
|
Definition
| act to close the mouth and the side to side grinding movements in herbivores to chew |
|
|
Term
| where is the digasstricus muscle |
|
Definition
| arises from an area caudal to the TMJ and inserts on the angle of the jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 bellies and functions ot focibly depress t6he mandible (open) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for movement of the skin and appendges of the face and head; thin cutaneous muscles innervated by the CrN 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the wide variety of movements the animals make with their ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sphincter like musce that allows forceful closure of the eyelids |
|
|
Term
| were is the orbicularis oculi M found? |
|
Definition
| surrounding the palpebral fissure |
|
|
Term
| what may you have to block to examin a horse's eye? |
|
Definition
| auriculaopalpebral or frontal N |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of muscles that move the lips and cheeks |
|
Definition
| prehension and mastication of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sphincter like muscle surrounding the margins of the mouth and controling lip movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin muscle that forms the walls of the cheek |
|
|
Term
| where is the levator nasobialis muscle |
|
Definition
| arises from the maxillary bone to the edge of the superior lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dialte the nostrils and rais the upper lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin strap muscle that retracts the angle of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| where is the xygomaticus M |
|
Definition
| extends from the facial crest in ungulates or the scutiform cartilage of the ear in carnivores to the angle of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dialte the nostril and elevate the upper lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inserts on the upper lip in car, rum and pigs and on the nostril in eq, rum and pigs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the lateral aspect of the obdy of th mandible to the lower lip |
|
|
Term
| 7 muscles related to the pharynx and larynx |
|
Definition
| criocopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, hyopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, pterygopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cricothyroid, cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and lateralis, tyroartenoideus, vocalis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branches of the Vagus N that leave the vagus at the level of the base of the heard and course cranially to innervate the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in horses. paresis or paralysis of laryngeal M resulting from damage to one of the recurrent laryngeal Nn. (ususally the left) |
|
|
Term
| what CrN innervates the tounge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to the rostral mandible and bas of the tounge |
|
|
Term
| action of the genioglossus M |
|
Definition
| allows the tounge to be pulled rostrally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows the tounge to be draun caudally |
|
|
Term
| where is the hyoglossis M |
|
Definition
| attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the base of the tounge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retract and elevate the tounge |
|
|
Term
| where is the styloglossus muscle? |
|
Definition
| atttaches to the stylohoid bone and the middle of the tounge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with the hoid apparatus to swallow |
|
|
Term
| sternohoideus M's location |
|
Definition
| arisis from the sternum and first costal cartilage to insert on the basihyoid bone |
|
|
Term
| thyrohyoideus M's location |
|
Definition
| dorsal to the sternohyoideus, extending from the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the thyrohoid bone of the hyoid apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| thin; aids in support of the tounge and is innervated by CrN V |
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Term
| where is the mylohyoideus muscle |
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Definition
| between the intermandibular space |
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Term
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Definition
| strap muscle that draws the hyoid apparatus and larynx rostraly |
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Term
| where is the geniohyoideus M? |
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Definition
| from the mandibular syphysis to the basihyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| M that are located dorsal to the transverse processes o f the vertebrae |
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Term
| where sre the epaxial muscles? |
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Definition
| begin in the loin area and continue to the head |
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Term
| what are the three groups of the neck and trunk? |
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Definition
| longissimus Mm, transvversospinalis Mm, iliocostalis system |
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Term
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Definition
| all the muscles of the neck and trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| small bundles of fibers; extensors of the vertebral column and as lateral flexor of the spine |
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Term
| where is the transversospinalis system |
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Definition
| span the spacee b/t a vertebral dorsal spinous process to a transverse process |
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Term
| where are the longissimus Mm? |
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Definition
| extend b/t the trnasverse process or b/t dorsal spinous processes of vertebrae |
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Term
| where is the iliocostalis system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mm that are ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae |
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Term
| what are the cervical hypoxial Mm |
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Definition
| longus capitis and longus colli Mm |
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Term
| what are the two Mm in the lumbar region? |
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Definition
| psoas minor and iliopsoas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where is the longus capitis? |
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Definition
| ventrolaterally along the cervical transverse process |
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Term
| where is the longus colli |
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Definition
| medial to the longus capitis covering the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from the atlas to the sixth thoracic vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| the dorsolateral aspect of the neck deep in the rhomboideus and srraus dorsalis cranialis Mm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| semispinalis capitus's 2 parts |
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Definition
| biventer cervicis, complexus |
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Term
| where is the semispinalis capitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the biventer cervicis |
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Definition
| dorsal M arising from the thoracic vertebrae and inserting on the caudal aspect of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| ventral to the biventer cervicis arising fro the cervical vertebrae and inserting on the nuchal crest |
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Term
| three parts of the rectus capitis |
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Definition
| rectus capitis dorslis major, rectius capitis dorsalis minor, recuts capitis ventralis |
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Term
| rectus capitis dorsalis major |
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Definition
| extends the alanto occipital joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flex the AO joint along with the rectus capitis lateralis |
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Term
| obliquus capitis cranialis |
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Definition
| extends the AO joint and flexes it laterally. located on the atlas and axis |
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Term
| obliquus capitis caudalis |
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Definition
| rotate the AO. located on the atlas and axis |
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Term
| t/f the obliquus capitis cranialis is larger than the obliquus capitis caudalis |
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Definition
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Term
| two divisions of the nuchal ligament |
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Definition
| funiculus (rod like) and the laminar part |
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Term
| what has the nuchal ligament? |
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Definition
| domestic farm animals and the dog |
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Term
| where is the nuchal ligament? |
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Definition
| from the skull to the 1st thoracic Vert, it's the cranial extension of the surpaspinous procedss of the first throacic vertebra to the lumbar vertebra |
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Term
| how many layers is the dorsal muscles of the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the layers of the ventral muscles of the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
| in carnivores, what are the two parts of the sternocephalicus M |
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Definition
| pars mastoidea (deep) and pars occipitalis (dorsal) |
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Term
| in ruminants, there is a _______ part that inserts on the _______ of the _______ M of the jaw and in bovines it also inserts on the ______. (regarding the sternocephalicus muscle) |
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Definition
| mandibularis; fascia; masseter; mandible |
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Term
| in horses, there is a mandibularis part of the sternocephalicus muscle called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| sternothyroideus's location |
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Definition
| originates on the sternum and inserts on the thyroid cartilage of the larynx |
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Term
| where is the sternohyoideus muscle? |
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Definition
| originates on the sternum but inserts on the basihyoid bone |
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Term
| what do the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus Mm do? |
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Definition
| draw the tounge and larynx caudally |
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Term
| where are the scalenus Mm |
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Definition
| extend from the transverse process of the cervical vertbrea to the first few ribs |
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Term
| the scalenus Mm act as Mm of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the dog has the ___ and ____ parts of the scalenus Mm |
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Definition
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Term
| the ox has three parts of the scalenus Mm called what? |
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Definition
| ventral, medius and dorsal |
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Term
| the horse has the ____ and _______ Mm of the scalenus Mm |
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Definition
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Term
| serratus ventralis cervicus and thoracis Mm's location |
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Definition
| fan-shaped that insert on the serrated face of the dial scapula |
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Term
| where is the serratus dorsalis cranialis M? |
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Definition
| located dorsally on the cranial thorax; arisis from the thoraclumbar fascia nd inserts on the craniolateral surface of the birs |
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Term
| where is the serratus dorsalis caudalis? |
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Definition
| dorsal aspect of the caudal thorax; arisies from thr throracolumbar fascia nd inserts on the last few ribs |
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Term
| what is the action of the serratus dorsalis caudalis? |
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Definition
| to draw the ribs caudally during expiration |
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Term
| where are the external intercostal Mm |
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Definition
| arising from the caudal border of one rib and attaching to the cranial border of the next rib |
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Term
| where are the internal intercostal Mm? |
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Definition
| arise from the cranial border of one rib and run in a cranioventral direction to the caudal border of the adjacent rib |
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Term
| diring respiration, the interal and external intercostal ribs do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall? |
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Definition
| external/internal abdominal obiques, transversus abdominis and rectus abdominis |
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Term
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Definition
| white fibrous attachment of the two abdominal oblique muscles and transversus abdominis muscles |
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Term
| contration of the abdominal wall Mm aids in what 5 things? |
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Definition
| urniation, defecation, parturition, respiration and locomotion |
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Term
| where is the external abdominal oblique? |
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Definition
| covering the ventral half of the lateral thoracic wall land the lateral part of the abdominal wall (fan-shaped) |
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Term
| the fibers of the external obdominal oblique are directed what? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique splitint two parts, and what does it form/what are the parts? |
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Definition
| caudoventrally and just cranial to the iliopubic eminence; forms superficial inguinal ring; external openain of the inquinal canal and arcus inguinalis |
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Term
| where is the internal abdominal oblique? |
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Definition
| arisies from the superficial leaf of the thoracolumba fascia caudal to the last rib from thetuber coxae and insters by a large aponeurosis on the costal arch, recuts abdominis and linea alba and prepubic tendon |
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Term
| at the rectus abdominis, the internal abdominal oblique fuses with that and the external ab ob to form what? |
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Definition
| external sheath of the rectus abdominis |
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Term
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Definition
| asociated with the spermatic cord and is the most caudal group of fibers in the internal ab ob |
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Term
| where is the trnasversus abdominis M |
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Definition
| medial to the internal abdominal oblique; arises from the medial surface of the last four or five ribs and from the transvers processes of the lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
| the transversus abdominis's what attaches to the linea alba |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the rectus abdominis |
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Definition
| extends from the pecten of the pubis as the prepubic tendona nd continues cranially to the sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| flexes the thoracolumbar part of the vertebral colum |
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Term
| on humans, the rectus abdominis is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| diaphragm is the main muscle for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the girdle muscles pass? |
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Definition
| b/t the trunk and forelimb |
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Term
| t/f large animals have a clavicle |
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Definition
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Term
| the tendon in the brachiocephalicus muscle located at the level of the shoulder joint |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where is the clavicular intersection located? |
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Definition
| at the level of the shoulder joint in the brachiocephalicus musscle |
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