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Definition
| - devices inside the computer than can be flipped between two states: 1 or 0, on or off. |
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| used in early computers, act as computer switches by allowing or blocking the flow of electrical current. |
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| any material that can be controlled to either conduct electricity or act as an insulator |
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| - chips that contain a CPU |
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| an organized plan for representing a number |
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| American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) |
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Definition
| a format for representing each letter or character as an 8-bit binary code. |
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| - an encoding scheme that uses 16 bits instead of 8 bits. Enabling to represent the alphabets of all modern languages and all historic languages and notational systems. |
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| an improvement in hyperthreading in which two processors are on the same chip, enabling the execution of two sets of instructions at the exact same time |
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| the time it takes to fetch and execute a single machine-level instruction by the CPU |
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| the base time unit of the system clock. One cycle equals one tick. |
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| the steady and constant pace at which a computer goes through machine cycles, measured in Hertz. |
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| a component that controls the switches inside the CPU |
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| - a block of memory that is built into the CPU chip for the storage of data or commands that have just been used. |
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| a block of memory that is located either on the CPU chip or on a separate chip near the CPU. |
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| CPU checks this area for instructions and data before it looks in to RAM. |
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| the collection of commands a specific CPU can run. |
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| languages that enable programmers to write their programs using a set of short, English-like commands that speak directly to the CPU and give the programmer very direct control of hardware resources. |
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Definition
| long strings of binary code used by the control unit to set up the hardware in the CPU for the rest of the operations it needs to perform |
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| arithmetic logic unit (ALU) |
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Definition
| part of the CPU that is designed to perform mathematical operations. |
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Definition
| a group of electrical pathways inside a computer that provide communications between various parts of a computer and a CPU and main memory. |
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Definition
| located on the motherboard, they run between the CPU and the main system memory. |
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Definition
| an electrical pathway that expands the capabilities of a computer by enabling a range of different expansion cards to communicate with the motherboard |
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Definition
| - the number of bits of data that can be transferred along a data pathway at one time |
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| a technique that enables the CPU to work on more than one instruction at a time, thereby boosting CPU performance. |
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Definition
| - a design that has two separate CPU chips installed on the same system |
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Definition
| a technology in which certain computer chips have two separate parallel processing paths inside them, so they are almost as fast as having two separate CPUs. |
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| a network computer environment in which each computer works on a portion of the same problem simultaneously. |
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| Step by step guides that walk you through the necessary steps to complete a complicated task |
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Definition
| forms included in many productivity applications that provide the basic structure for a particular kind of document, spreadsheet, or presentation |
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Definition
| small programs that group a series of commands to run as a single command. |
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Definition
| images, video, and audio editing software, animation software and any other specialty software required to make games, animations, and movies. |
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Definition
| small programs that perform many of the general housekeeping tasks for the computer, such as system maintenance and file compression. |
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Definition
| user interface in which the user chooses a command on the screen |
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Definition
| an interface with graphics and a point and click system |
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| rectangular boxes that contain programs displayed on screen |
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| list of commands that appear on screen |
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| pictures on the desktop that represent an object such as an app or file |
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Definition
| a signal that tells the operating system that it is in need of immediate attention |
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Definition
| when the operating system processes the task assigned a higher priority before processing a task that has been assigned a lower priority |
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Definition
| every key stroke or mouse click |
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Definition
| temporary storage area on the hard drive where the operating system moves the data or instructions from the RAM that have not recently been used |
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Definition
| a condition of excessive paging in which the operating system becomes sluggish |
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Definition
| the space on a hard drivce that the operating system stores data to if there isn't enough random acces memory |
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| application programming interfaces |
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Definition
| blocks of code in the operating software that software apps need to interact with it |
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Definition
| process for loading the operating system into random access memory |
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Term
| basic input/output system (BIOS) |
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Definition
| program that manages the data between the operating system and all the input and output devices attatched to the computer system |
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Definition
| the first job the BIOS performs, ensuring that essential peripheral devices are attached and operational. |
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Term
| kernel (supervisor program) |
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Definition
| manages the processor and all other components of the comp system |
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Definition
| the process of indentifying a computer user based on a login or user name and password |
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Definition
| providing organizational structure to the computer's contents |
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| hierarchical structures that include files, folders, and drives used to create a more organized and efficient computer |
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| the first part of the label applied to a file |
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| the three letters that follow the user supplied filename after the dot. |
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Definition
| indentifies the exact location that a file is located by seperating the directories |
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Definition
| a symbol to separate directories |
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Definition
| the amount of random access memory that is installed on a computer |
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Definition
| the space on a hard drive that the operating system stores data to if there isn't enough random access memory |
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Definition
| the file the operating system builds on the hard drive when it is using virtual memory to enable processing to continue |
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Definition
| holds all permanently stored programs and data |
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Definition
| the time it takes a storage device to locate its stored data |
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Definition
| thin round metallic plates stacked onto the hard disk drive spindle |
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Definition
| the max speed at which data can be transmitted between two nodes on a network |
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Definition
| a group of two or more computers that are configured to share info and resources |
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Definition
| devices connected to a network such as a computer, a peripheral, or a communications device |
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Definition
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Definition
| the radio caves or cable that transport data on a network |
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Definition
| cables made of coppor wires that are twisted around each other and surrounded by a plastic jacket used for used for traditional home phone wire |
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Definition
| a single copper wire surrounded by layers of plastic insulation and sheathing used for cable tv and cable internet |
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Definition
| lines that transfer data at close to the speed of light along glass or plastic fibers |
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| data transfer rate (bandwidth) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the actual speed of data transfer that is achieved. usually less than the data transfer rate |
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Term
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Definition
| a small segment of data that is bundled to be sent over transmission media. each contains the adress of the computer or peripheral device to which it is being sent |
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| network navigation device |
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Definition
| devices on a network such as routers hubs and switches that move data signals around the network |
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Definition
| device that route packets of data between two or more networks |
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Definition
| a device for transmitting data on a network. makes decisions based on the media access control address of the data |
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Term
| unshielded twisted pair cable |
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Definition
| the most popular transmission media option for ethernet networks. is composed of four pairs of wires that are twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference |
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Definition
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Definition
| devices that are installed on long cable runs to amplify a signal |
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Definition
| routers that are specifically designed to connect to DSL or cable modems |
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Definition
| a network that uses radio waves instead of wires or cable as its transmission medium |
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Definition
| a computer program that appears to be something useful or desirable but at the same time does something malicious in the background without the users knowledge |
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Definition
| program that enables a hacker to take complete control of a computer without the legitimate users knowledge or permission |
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Term
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Definition
| an attack that occurs when legit users are denied access to a computer system because a hacker is repeatedly making requests of that computer system to tie up its resources and deny legit users access |
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Term
| distributed denial of service attack |
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Definition
| automated attacks that are launched from more than one zombie computer at the same time |
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Definition
| software program or hardware device designed to prevent unauthorized access to computers or networks |
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Definition
| firewalls specifically designed for home networks |
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Definition
| a process that firewalls perform to filter out packets sent to specific logical ports |
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Definition
| when a firewall is configured to ignore all incoming packets that request access to a certain port so that no unwanted requests will get through to the computer |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of assigning IP adresses when users log on using their ISP. the computer is assigned an adress from an available pool |
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Definition
| assigning an IP adress for a computer that never changes and is most likely assigned manually by a network administrator |
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| network address translation |
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Definition
| a process that firewalls use to assign internal IP adresses on a network |
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Definition
| a computer program that attaches istelf to another computer program (host) and attempts to spread itself to other computers when files are exchanged |
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Definition
| a small program that runs whenever a computer boots up |
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Definition
| viruses that are triggered by the passage of time or on a certain date |
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Term
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Definition
| computer viruses that run when a certain set of conditions is met, such as specific dates keyed off the computers internal clock |
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Definition
| a program that attempts to travel between systems through network connections to spread infections. can run independently of host file execution and are active in spreading themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| list of commands that can be executed on a computer without user interaction |
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Definition
| viruses that are distributed by hiding them inside a small program that groups a series of commands to run as a single command |
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Definition
| a mal program that searches for common data files and compresses them into a file using a complex encryption key, rendering the files unusable |
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Definition
| a virus that changes its virus signature (the binary pattern that makes the virus identifiable) every time it infects a new file. this makes it more difficult for an antivirus program to detect it. |
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Definition
| a type of computer virus that attempts to infect both the boot sector and executable files at the same time |
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Definition
| viruses that temporarily erase their code from the files where they reside and hide in the active memory of the computer |
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Definition
| descriptive text that identifies the components of the worksheet |
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Term
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Definition
| numeri data either typed in directly or entered by the program as a result of a calculation |
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Term
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Definition
| equations that you build yourself using addition subtraction multiplication and division as well as values and cell references |
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Definition
| formula that is programmed into the spreadsheet software |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| COUNTIF(range, "pattern") |
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Definition
| IF(cellreference(equation), statement, elsestatement) |
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Term
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Definition
COUNTA(RANGE)
COUNT(RANGE) |
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