Term
| What is the meaning of denotation and connotation? |
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Definition
1. Denotation: the primary associations a word has for most members of given linguistic community
2. Connotation: other secondary associations a word has for one or more members of that community |
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Term
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Definition
the world is perceived differently by members of different communities and that this perception is transmitted and sustained by language
- the language we speak influences our experience of the world, while the evolution of language also reflects changes in the predominant modes of expression
based on two types of determinism
- “strong” determinism: the belief that language has the power to determine thoughts
- “weak” determinism: the belief that our way of viewer the world and our thoughts are influenced by language but not controlled by it |
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Term
| the five language problems |
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Definition
1. abstract
2. inferences
3. dichotomies
4. euphemisms
5. equivocal language |
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Term
| define: Abstract (language problem) |
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Definition
communication difficulties that have to do with vagueness of words
- the more abstract the term the greater our chances of misunderstanding
- the abstraction ladder (pg 80) |
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Term
| define: inferences (language problem) |
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Definition
a conclusion or judgment derived from evidence or assumptions
- example: when you sit down you infer that the chair will support your weight
- people are accidently shot with loaded guns when they inferred that they
are not loaded |
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Term
| define: dichotomies (language problem) |
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Definition
(polar words) that are frequently responsible for another type of language problem
- English has an excess of polar words and relative scarcity of words to scribe the
wide middle ground between these opposites
- ex: success or a failure, brilliant or stupid, winner or loser |
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Term
| define: euphemisms (language problem) |
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Definition
through them we substitute mild, vague, or less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones “campaign of disinformation”
- used to misinterpret what is being said
- ex: powder room -> bathroom |
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Term
| define: equivocal language (language problem) |
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Definition
two or more possible interpretations
- any message derives a great part of its meaning from the context in which it is t
transmitted
- ex: “lets get a drink after the show” -> the drink may refer to an alcoholic beverage, continuing the evening in a club or desire to stay longer for a simple conversation |
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Term
| What is the difference between powerful and powerless language |
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Definition
- powerful language: communicators who use a powerful style are considered more competent and attractive
- powerless language: seen as victims |
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Term
| What is Metacommunication? |
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Definition
- metacommunication: communication about communication
- concept closely linked to the relationship level of human encounters
- any comment directed at the way in which a person communicates is an example
of meta-communication
-ex: say to mom “tell him to mind his own damn business” and your mom tells you not to swear – she is responding not to the content of the remark but the method of getting the point across
-ex: try to be a little more enthusiastic |
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Term
| What is the differences between verbal/vocal, verbal/nonvocal, nonverbal/vocal, and nonverbal/non-vocal communication |
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Definition
-verbal/vocal communication: communication through the spoken word
- verbal/non-vocal communication: words are involved by not speaking takes place
- nonverbal/vocal communication: groans or vocalizations
- nonverbal/non-vocal communication: involved only in gestures or appearances |
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Term
| how can a nonverbal message replace (substitute for), reinforce, or contradict a verbal message |
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Definition
- replace: when it reinforces a verbal message, meaning is conveyed quickly and easily and with increased comprehension
- reinforce: yes, no, hello, goodbye, substituted without words like smiling, frowning, waving
- contradict: face-to-face communication when solving problems or negotiating critical decisions |
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Term
| what are the measurements and definitions of intimate, personal, social and public distance |
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Definition
- intimate distance: (18 inches or less) the presence of another person is unmistakable and may at times be overwhelming because of the greatly stepped-up sensory inputs
- personal distance (1 ½ to 4 ft) a small protective sphere or bubble that an organism maintains between itself and others
- social distance: (4 to 12 ft) a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limit (a hidden band that contains the group)
- public distance (12 ft +) the largest and only exists in human relationships |
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Term
| What is volume (vocal cue) |
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Definition
| - volume: precondition of effective communication. Feedback from the receiver is the best check on volume, adjust volume accordingly |
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Term
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Definition
- rate: the number or words spoken in a specific time
----faster rate seems to be linked to fear or anger and slower rate to grief or depression
---- more effective when adapted to the verbal content of the message and to the specific receiver |
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Term
| what is fluency (vocal cue) |
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Definition
- fluency: continuity, closely related to rate and pauses affect fluency
---- pauses such as “um” will affect the effectiveness of a communicator |
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Term
| what is pitch (vocal cue) |
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Definition
- pitch: the frequency level of the voice
----pitch range is determined by the size and shape of the vocal bands within your voice box
---- lower pitches are more pleasant to listen to- pitch level influences your attitude toward the communicator and the content of the message |
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Term
| what is quality (vocal cue) |
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Definition
- quality: resonance, a distinctive quality of sound
----hyper nasality (through the nose) denasality (sounds as though the speaker has a constant head cold), hoarseness, harshness (stridency) |
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Term
| What is the difference between norms and roles |
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Definition
1.Norms are rules whether implicit or explicit about behaviors rules from which we develop certain expectations about how people will act. An example of a -
Norm is when you start dating you start establish what a couple decides what is acceptable or unacceptable behaviors concerning a number of things, such as where you go topics of conversation, sexual activity etc.
2. Roles are a set of norms that applies to a specific subclass within the society. An example of a role in a two-person relationship is husband and wife or grandparent-grandchild. |
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Term
| What are the four concepts used to describe high quality (interpersonal) relationships according to Miller and Steinberg (1975). |
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Definition
1. in quality high relationships information about the other person is primarily psychological rather than cultural and sociological
2. rules for that relationship are developed by the two people involved rather than being rules set by tradition
3. the rules in a high quality relationship are defined primarily by personal characteristics rather than by situation
4. emphasis in qualitatively high relationship is on individual choices rather than on group choices |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentionally making known information about your self. For example when you are on a date and you disclose information about yourself. We disclose a lot about ourselves through facial expressions, posture, clothing, tone of voice and countless other nonverbal cues. |
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Term
| What is Affiliation and commitment? |
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Definition
1. Affiliation: is the affiliator that prefers being with others to being alone, enjoys and seeks out companionship. They are described as friendly and sociable.
2. Commitment: The resolve to continue in a relationship indefinitely and to make the efforts necessary to ensure that it will continue. In other words you may feel committed to someone and at the same time feel the need to be independent. Or you may express your commitment verbally and yet not act on it. For example the last minute jitters people get before their wedding. |
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Term
| What is the differences between dominance, status, and power. |
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Definition
- Dominance: is where one person in the relationship always wants control over others.
- Status: the position of an individual in relation to another or others.
- Power: the capacity to influence the behavior of others and to resist their influence on oneself. With power you cannot dominate someone if they do not accept your authority. For example- parent and child, siblings, romantic partner. |
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Term
| What is the difference between perceptual filters and psychological sets |
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Definition
- Perceptual filters: Physiological limitations that are built into human beings and cannot be reversed. Such limitations on our capacity to perceive exist whether we are experiencing an object or a person.
-Psychological sets- ones expectancies or predispositions to respond. |
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Term
| what is the the difference between self-concept and self-esteem? |
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Definition
a. Self-concept- your relatively stable impressions of yourself.
-This includes your physical characteristics, and judgments about your future.
-Come partly from other people’s perceptions of you
b. Self-esteem- your feelings of self-worth
-Might be physical appearance, intelligence, work, qualities, traits, affiliations, but might be entirely subjective
-We may try to protect it by surrounding ourselves with inferior friends. |
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Term
| what does self-fulfilling prophecy means |
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Definition
| Self-fulfilling prophecy- people help to confirm their own expectations so that a favorable self-contempt may lead to success, an unfavorable self-concept to failure. |
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Term
| what the primacy effect asserts about impressions |
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Definition
| The first information that we receive about a person is the most decisive in forming our impression. |
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Term
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Definition
A generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture.
-can distort our ability to make accurate judgements |
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Term
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Definition
| involves experiencing the other’s perception-that is, seeing and feeling things as the other does. |
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Term
| What are the three basis of attraction |
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Definition
1. similarity
2. proximity
3. situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that those on whom we depend will meet our expectations |
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Term
| Know Knapp’s ten relational stages (five coming together and five coming apart). |
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Definition
COMING TOGETHER
1. initiating
2. experimenting
3. intensifying
4. integrating
5. bonding
COMING APART
6. differentiating
7. circumscribing
8. stagnating
9. avoiding
10. terminating |
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