Term
|
Definition
- suggests that certain concepts precede other concepts in time
- ex: question precedes answer; cognition precede speech |
|
|
Term
correlational relationship
(correlational association) |
|
Definition
- states that two or more concepts tend to co-occur or change together in patterned ways
- NOT cause/effect
- ex: expression of positive emotions is correlated with satisfaction |
|
|
Term
| cause-effect/if-then/causal relationship |
|
Definition
- evidence that one concept precedes another concept, that the concepts are related, and that the first concept causes or motivates the second
- ex: uncertainty leads to/motivates attempts to reduce uncertainty |
|
|
Term
| criteria by which we evaluate theories |
|
Definition
- parsimony: simplicity
- utility: how useful
- scope: how much does it focus on?
- heurism: generates interest and additional research
- falsifiability: can be proven false
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reality; what is the nature of our social world and the entities that populate it?
- Scientific/Objective:: realist; our social world is real, reality exists external to us
- Humanistic/Subjective:: nominalist; reality exists inside each of us differently; no real world exists, just names & ideas we create; something is true because we name it to be true
- Social Constructionist:: intersubjective; reality exists but we've created it through words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- knowledge about the social world; what we know and how we know it
- Scientific/Objective:: positivism; we can be positive about our knowledge;; emperical; verifiable by means of experiment (surveys)
- Humanistic/Subjective:: subjectivism; we can't be positive about knowledge because we use words;; individual experiences, interviews
- Social Constructionist:: no specific method, may use surveys or interviews, whatever is best for situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the role of researcher values in research
- Scientific/Objective:: value free; no role, values should not effect research
- Humanistic/Subjective:: values included; values affect research
- Social Constructionist:: acknowledge values but attempt to contain them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- activists; seek to change something
- get rid of -isms
- "alleviate oppression" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reject modernism
- the notion that humans do not operate logically at all times and the subsequent philosophical thoughts on how we do operate
- no strict rules for interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the power of discourse; through discourse we understand meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- logology: how we use language in order to know the world around us
- we cannot "know" a situation; we can only describe/name it
- language creates systems of meanings that are sared by groups of people
- identification: the motivating factores that influence us to join groups or associate with otherse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- theory of communicative action: communication is the human way of influencing the world and is therefore strategic
- people attempt to influence the objective world
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- explanations
- individual viewpoints
- personal feelings
- interviews, focus groups, etc
- humanistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- numbers
- generalizations
- surveys
- facts
- absolute truth
- positivists
- scientific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - any available means of persuasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - emotionally drawn to message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - story makes logical sense |
|
|
Term
| symbolic convergence theory |
|
Definition
- explains how communication works to build an identity among a group of people
- persuasion is tied to creation of meaning in our world and sharing meaning is a basic function of persuasion
- fantasy, fantasy theme, rhetorical vision, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- forms a new conciousness (new reality) for members of a group
- observations about people or things not present in the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- represents larger symbolic reality (interpretation of events)
- exhibits:
-- substansive qualities (content)
-- structural qualities (plot lines)
-- stylistic qualities (dramatising, embellising, reconfiguring of fantasy themes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - people share the fantasy with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- represent a fantasy theme, type, or rhetorical vision
- ex: -gate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - world best understood as a series of stories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- fidelity: does it ring true? believability, personal experiences
- coherence: do the pieces fit? does it have the right elements? |
|
|
Term
| facesaving/politeness theory |
|
Definition
- face is central to coordinated and continued flow of interaction
- how we use language to satisfy needs
- positive:desire to be needed and valued and included by others; to appear competent
- negative: desire to be free from impostition, constraint, or intrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- support and maintaining of our self-image
- maintaining face is an underlying motive in all actions
- tact, solidarity (enhancing similarities), approbation (maximize praise, minimizing blame/negative aspects) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- conversing in a way that prevents face loss; being proactive
|
|
|
Term
| social penetration theory |
|
Definition
- relationships grow on the basis of self-disclosure; the more people self-disclose, the more our relationships grow
- different layers of personality |
|
|
Term
| measuring self-disclosure |
|
Definition
- depth: degree of intimacy of disclosure
- breadth: variety of topics discussed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - if someone shares something personal, the other person will likely also share something personal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rewards and expectations in a relationship
- calculate costs and rewards
- maximize rewards and minimize costs; seek relationships with more rewards and fewer costs
- satisfaction & stability based on comparisons
- equity is greater than inequity over time |
|
|
Term
| how we measure relationship satisfaction and stability |
|
Definition
- satisfaction: comparison level is the standard of what we expect
- stability: comparison level of alternatives; one alternative is not being in a relationship at all |
|
|
Term
| relational dialectics theory |
|
Definition
- dialectics (tensions between contradictory impulses) are normal characteristics of relationships
- internal (between the individuals) and external (between the relationship itself and the larger context) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- integration/separation: wanted to be connected/separate
-- internal : connection/autonomy
-- external : inclusion/seclusion
- expression/privacy: open and closed
-- internal : openness/closedness
-- external : revelation/concealment
- stability/change: wanting sameness and variety
-- internal : predictability/novelty
-- external : conventionality/uniqueness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - different roles exist in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- members strive for unanimity; members don't want to cause conflict, so they all agree
- does not always lead to bad decision making |
|
|
Term
| difference between persuasion and compliance gaining |
|
Definition
- persuasion: influence beliefs
- compliance gainging: influence actions |
|
|
Term
| theory of reasoned action |
|
Definition
| - we can predict people's behavior by their actions |
|
|
Term
| what you need to know to determine a person's intentions |
|
Definition
- attitude
- subjective norms (social rules that guide situation)
- personal experience
- ego involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- classifies attitudes on a continuum, divided into latitudes of acceptance and rejection
- --R-----*------------A--
- * = anchor; person's position |
|
|
Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
|
Definition
- a way of thinking that is inconsistent with one's beliefs, behaviors, and values; "uncomfortable thinking"
- causes psychological discomfort
- psychological discomfort motivates people to reduce it |
|
|
Term
| compliance gaining strategies |
|
Definition
- DITF: ask for something expecting to get rejected and then ask again expecting something less
- FITD: begin with small request and lead to larger request |
|
|
Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
|
Definition
| - explains how we process messages and are thus persuaded |
|
|
Term
| two ways we process persuasive messages |
|
Definition
- centrally: we pay attention to message content; logic; more mental effort
-- more persuasive; less likely to fall victim to counter-persuasion
- peripherally: we focus on cues rather than the message; less mental effort
- operate on both levels, most of the time |
|
|
Term
| individualism vs collectivism |
|
Definition
- individualism: individual goals are prioritized above group goals (US)
- collectivism: group goals are prioritized above individual goals |
|
|
Term
| high (large) power distance vs low (small) power distance |
|
Definition
- high power distance: status difference is expected and privileged
- low power distance: egalitarian (spread out, equal) divisions of power persist |
|
|
Term
| uncertainty avoiding vs. uncertainty acceptance |
|
Definition
- high uncertainty avoidance: avoid undefined social interactions and ambiguity; strict rules for social behaviors
- low uncertainty avoidance: open to differences in social interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- masculinity: culture prefers direct, goal-oriented communication
- femininity: modest, face-saving communication; narrative, emotion, expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- we negotiate our self-identity in conversations (culturally bound)
- face effects how we deal with conflict; face loss can occur during conflict
- FTAs can threaten face; directly or indirectly |
|
|
Term
| difference betweek powerful and limited effects models of media effects |
|
Definition
- powerful effect: media directly influences us; teaches us what to think; hypodermic needle & magic bullet theories
- limited effect: media + something else = effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- media + interpersonal interaction = effect
- media influences opinion leaders, opinion leaders influence everyone else
- limitations: communication does not flow in one direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- media + our dependency on it = effect
- dependent on media to understand society and know how to act
- find entertainment to escape
- more dependent = greater effect
- most dependent on TV |
|
|
Term
| individual differences theory |
|
Definition
- media + individual psychological constructions = effect
- the media effects all of us differently because we're all different
- similar conclusions, different effects |
|
|
Term
| uses and gratifications theory |
|
Definition
- media + our use of and gratification from = effect
- we all use media for different reasons
- media as a tool to meet our needs; intentional media usage, weighs all options, individual initiates media selection; individual understands reason for choosing media
|
|
|
Term
| diffusion of innovations theory |
|
Definition
- diffusion: the process by which new ideas, opinions, or products is communicated through certain channels over time
- innovation: an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual
- cycle: innovation by innovator; change agent communicates idea; early adopted tries it and becomes opinion leader; opinion leader talks about it; opinion followers follow, critical mass reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the smallest number of adopters needed to sustain the subsequent wide diffusion of an innovation
- 15-20% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- we observe behavior and learn from it
- behavior we learn comes from our environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- taking on character traits of someone in the media
- deeper than imitation
- adapts based on your interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- taking on character traits of someone in the media
- deeper than imitation
- adapts based on your interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- taking on character traits of someone in the media
- deeper than imitation
- adapts based on your interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- you are punished or rewarded vicariously through the media
- discourages or encourages duplication of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - copying actions exactly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- old mantra: "Media doesn't tell us what to think, it tells us what to think about
- new mantra: "The media may not only tell us what to think about, they also may tell us how and what to think about it and perhaps even what to do about it."
- issues that the media present are the issues we will find most importatnt; can be many items at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - key decision makers in news industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - we make our decisions about politicans based on how they perform on the issues at the top of the agenda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- TV fosters unrealistic beliefs about social reality
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- heavy viewers of TV are more likely to believe something bad will happen to them
- unrealistic ideas & fear of violence in the real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Is my opinion consistent with the majority's opinion?
- desire for social inclusion; less likely to speak out if in the minority for fear of isolation
- mainly applies to morally loaded topics; controversial issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- TV watching prevents you from doing other things
- long term consequences: obesity, negative effect on education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- system: a set of interrelated and interacting parts that work as a whole
- input: what goes into the system from the environment
- throughput: what the system does with the input
- output: consequences of the process; produces out to the environment
- systems have a goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- system: a set of interrelated and interacting parts that work as a whole
- input: what goes into the system from the environment
- throughput: what the system does with the input
- output: consequences of the process; produces out to the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - allows lots of input from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - allows lots of input from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - allows little input from the environment |
|
|
Term
| theory x (classical approach) |
|
Definition
- machine metaphor
- every employee has a specific task to accomplish
- individuals are replaceable
- centralized control, rules, and standards
- employees must be persuaded, rewarded, controlled and punished; their activities must be directed |
|
|
Term
| theory y (human relations approach) |
|
Definition
- employees are impacted by social interaction rather than as parts of a machine
- employee opinions and feedback valued when an organization makes decisions
- management believes physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest
- assumes that workers are highly motivated to satisfy achievement and self-actualizatiion needs |
|
|
Term
| theory z (human resources approach) |
|
Definition
- humans = resources to be valued and tapped for organizational development
- organizational goals are met by keeping employees in mind
- employees are an organization's greatest resource and must be used wisely |
|
|
Term
| motivation hygiene theory |
|
Definition
- if an employee has an opportunity to have some level of responsibility, the individual will have a higher likelihood of being satisfied and then work harder
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - working environment, salary benefits, company policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- impact an employee internally
- responsibility, acheivement, recognition |
|
|
Term
| cultural approach to organizations |
|
Definition
- culture isn't something an organization has, culture is something an organization is
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rite of passage: marks entry into different levels of the organization
- rite of integration: punishes members
- enhancement rites showers praise and glory on those who represent the organization's image
- renewal rites: revitalizes, updates
- conflict resolution rite: routine ways we deal with conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- social
- task
- create and sustain corporate culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- practicing public relations by slanting the truth
- using only select facts or direct lies to present a positive corporate image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - no effort is made to hide the truth of an organization; all information is true |
|
|
Term
| one-way model (asymmetrical) |
|
Definition
| - public relations communication where corporate messages (truthful and accurate news) are communicated, but favor the organization |
|
|
Term
| one-way model (asymmetrical) |
|
Definition
- public relations communication where corporate messages (truthful and accurate news) are communicated, but favor the organization
- still intends to favor the organization in a positive light |
|
|
Term
| two-way model (symmetrical) |
|
Definition
- practices equal communication between the organization and the audience
- concious effort to listen to and respect the audiences enough to adjust their business practices to benefit the audiences as well as the organization
- listen to the audience and work to satisfy the audience and benefit the organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- PR professional serves as a link between the organization he or she works for and the environment that affects the company
- serves the organization and communicates to the environment while also monitoring the environment and reporting on the environment to the organization |
|
|
Term
| collapse theory of corporate image |
|
Definition
- every meaning that a person has of an organizatioon is just one image of the organization
- multiple images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- research
- action planning
- communication
- evaluation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- research
- objective
- publics
- evaluation |
|
|
Term
| McGuire's matrix mediating processes and desired outcomes and consequences |
|
Definition
- mediating processes: attention, comprehension, yeilding/acceptance, retention
- outcomes/consequences: awareness, attitude change, belief change, behavior change |
|
|
Term
| publics identified by Grunig's situational theory |
|
Definition
- non-publics: never affected, not considered
- latent publics: affected but not aware of the issue
- aware publics: aware but not active
- active publics: take action |
|
|
Term
| publics not identified by Grunig's situational theory |
|
Definition
- apathetic publics: people who don't do anything about anything
- all issue publics: well educated, have money, complain about everything
- single issue publics: active with one issue |
|
|
Term
| Grunig's situational theory |
|
Definition
| - issues create publics, publics do not define issues |
|
|
Term
| knowledge/attitude/behavior |
|
Definition
- most common classification of basic strategies contained in a message
- found in various examples of advertising, public relations, and political or social issue messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- demographic appeals: appeal to demographics
- needs appeals: appeal to physical, safety, social, self-esteem, and self-actualization needs
- psychographic appeals: appeals to the general psychology of the audience; personality type, lifestyle practices, leisure practices, etc
- schema appeals: event schema (social rules), role schema (learned behaviors and expectations of certain occupations), person schema (expectations and stereotypes we have learned about certain kinds/labels of people) |
|
|
